374 REPORT— 1894. 



1. Prussia. — At the Prussian universities Economics belongs to the 

 faculty of philosophy, and, speaking generally, to that section of this 

 faculty known as the Sciences of the State. A student takes his degree 

 in Economics entirely apart from law, the position of which as a separate 

 faculty unfortunately precludes a student who presents a thesis in one of 

 these two subjects from selecting the other as one of the two collateral 

 subjects which he is bound by regulation to otfer himself for examination 

 in. Further, it must be noticed that the degree of doctor in this country, 

 and, indeed, in Germany generally, is not a qualification, as was till recently 

 the case in Austria and still is in certain of the Latin countries. Some 

 assistance it may be in a judicial career, buteven then the degree of Doctor 

 Juris has naturally much more value than that of Doctor of Philosophy 

 in the State Sciences. 



Nor does Economics occupy an important place in the State examina- 

 tions which qualify for the legal and administrative services. To enter 

 these a candidate must pass examinations, the first of which is common to 

 both services {re/erendar Examen). This consists of two parts, the first 

 written and dealing with law, the second oral, which includes, aiiiong 

 other matters, the elements of Economics. So subordinate is this subject 

 that, in the opinion of many critics, it hardly counts in the decision as to 

 the eligibility of candidates. The course of examination then bifurcates, 

 some taking that for Justiz- Assessor, others for that of Regierungs 

 Assessor, for neither of which is Economics required. At the latter of 

 these (Reg. Assessor) some knowledge of Economics in its applied branches 

 is said to be highly desirable ; but inasmuch as the examination takes 

 place some five years after the conclusion of the university course, the 

 demands it makes are chiefly met by knowledge supplied from books. 

 With regard to the constitution of the examining boards, it should be 

 noticed that, even at the referendar Examen, it is not in accordance with 

 common practice to include professors of Economics. 



2. Saxony. — The system recently adopted in Saxony is, in so far as the 

 subordination of Economics is concerned, nearly identical with that of 

 Prussia. In one point it is more favourable to the interests of this 

 subject, the professoriate being invariably represented on the board of 

 examiners. 



3. Reichsland. — In the Reichsland Economics is of no more importance 

 than it is in Prussia. 



4. Saxe- Weimar. — In Saxe-Weimar, too, it is of but nominal import- 

 ance in the juridical examinations. There, too, the board of examiners is 

 constituted irrespective of economic requirements, and, as has been causti- 

 cally said, it is rare to find the examiners academically qualified in the 

 subjects in which they are supposed to examine. The position, in the 

 main, is very similar to that prevailing in Prussia. 



5. Bavaria.— In the chief southern and south-western states Eco- 

 nomics holds a more important position in the legal and civil service 

 curricula. Thus, in Bavaria, all students of law, administration, and 

 forest (Landwirth) have to pass an examination in which it forms one of 

 the subjects. The time of the examination is at the conclusion of the 

 four years devoted to legal or other studies respectively, and the presence 

 of the Professor of National Economy among the professorial examiners 

 necessitates due attendance at lectures and thorough study. The second 

 examination for the civil service is technical in character, and only 



