ON ECONOMIC TRAINING IN THIS AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 375 



requires economic knowledge in its connection with practical developments 

 and issues. 



6. Wiirtemburg. — In Wiirtemburg, though Economics forms no part 

 of the strictly legal examinations, in the other State examinations for 

 administrative students it is of very great importance. For these there 

 are two examinations, the first of which, more general in character than 

 the other, takes place at Tiibingen, and involves a very considerable 

 acquaintance with Economics. 



7. Baden. — Every legal student, as well as every candidate seeking 

 entrance into the higher employments in the State departments of revenue 

 and administration, must, in his time, attend lectures on, and pass exami- 

 nations in, the economic and financial sciences. 



The varying positions which Economics holds in the examinations 

 qualifying for State and legal employment in the different German States 

 affect a large number of university students who have to pass these 

 examinations but do not of necessity take a degree. To them the con- 

 nection of Economics with one faculty or the other in the university 

 cannot be a matter of much importance, but with others the case is 

 different. Students reading for the degree are, as has been already said, 

 restricted now on one side, now on another, as to their choice of collateral 

 subjects for examination. Sometimes they can offer Economics in connec- 

 tion with law, sometimes they cannot. In addition, the influence which 

 kindred studies taught in one faculty may bring to bear on the methods 

 of instruction may, in some instances, prove of not inconsiderable import- 

 ance even in the case of the students studying for the doctorate. Professor 

 Brentano, however, whose personal experience extends from Leipzig to 

 Strassburg, from Vienna to Breslau and Munich, contends that the 

 varieties of combination matter less than might seem probable. The 

 facultative position of Economics varies considerably. In Prussia and 

 Saxony they find place among the many heterogeneous subjects grouped 

 together in the faculty of philosophy, though in certain places, as at 

 Berlin, they fall into a distinct subdivision. At Berlin they belong to 

 the Staats- Cameral- nnd G ewerheioissenschaften. At Strassburg (Reiclis- 

 land)they combine with law to form a Rechts- nnd Staatswissenschaftliche, 

 Facultdt. At Tiibingen (Wiirtemberg) a Sfaatsivissenscha/tliche Faculldt 

 exists independent of the law, a practice identical with that current at 

 Munich (Bavaria). At some universities, as for instance at Jena, economic 

 lectures are largely attended by the students of Landwirth)ichaft. 



A comparison of the studies preliminary to the doctorate in Germany 

 with those in Austria reveals two chief points of difference. At German 

 universities there is little prescription of the course of study, or, indeed, 

 of the methods to be adopted by the student, who within certain wide 

 limits has a perfectly free choice of subjects. But this comparative 

 freedom from restraint is closely connected with the great importance 

 attached to the thesis, a custom which, its critics urge, leads to premature 

 specialisation. In both countries candidates for the civil and legal services 

 are much more closely restricted to definite courses. 



In their practical working the systems of the different universities 

 bear a close resemblance, at any rate in their earlier stages. There are 

 three main courses, delivered annually, on pure Economics, Applied 

 Economics, and Finance, all of which, even the first, involve a careful study 

 of economic fact as distinct from hypothesised theory. The extent to 

 which the method adopted in the first course is empirical depends, of 



