378 REPORT— 1894. 



BKLGIUM. 



By the Law of 1890, which provides the regulation for higher 

 instruction, poHtical economy is made obligatory for the attainment of 

 the degree of Doctor of Laws, a distinction proving a professional qualifi- 

 cation, and for the grade of engineer, the course for the former involving 

 some forty-five lectures, that for the latter some fifteen. In both cases 

 the subject is taken in the earlier years of study. Students training for 

 these professions would appear to form the great bulk of those attending 

 economic lectures at the universities. In neither case can the course be 

 said to furnish more than elementary instruction. 



The universities have made provision outside these State requirements 

 for more advanced students. The candidates for the degree of Doctor 

 of Political Science have to show a more thorough acquaintance with 

 economic subjects. At the University of Ghent the course which is 

 provided for them is considerably longer ; still more stringent regulations 

 prevail at the University of Louvain for the degree of ' docteur en 

 sciences politiques et sociales.' The important regulations are as 

 follows : ^ 



Art, 5. 



Pour etre adtnis a I'epreuve du doctorat il faut : 



(«) Avoir acquis depuis une annee au moins le grade de docteur en droit. 



(b) Avoir pris une inscription g^nSrale aux cours du doctorat en sciences 

 politiques et sociales et avoir suivi les cours sur lesqnels porte I'epreuve. 



(f) Presenter, sons I'approbation du president de I'ficole, un travail imprime sur 

 un sujet rentrant dans le cadre du doctorat. 



Art. 7. 



L'epreuve comprend un examen oral d"une beure et demie. Cet examen porte: — 



(rt) Sur six branches port^es comme principales au programme de I'ficole. 



(J) Sur deux branches au moins choisies parmi celles qui sont portees romme 

 branches libres au programme de I'ftcole ou — avec Tautorisation du president de 

 I'Ecole — parmi celles qui sont portees au programme de I'universitS. 



(e) Sur le travail prfisente par le r6cipiendaire. 



The list of lectures for the two years' curriculum, 1892-3, 1893-4, is 

 as follows : — 



For the first year — Histoire parlementaire de la Belgique depuis 1830, 

 la legislation ouvriere comparee ; le droit public compart ; de la neutralite 

 de la Belgique et de la Suisse ; du regime legal des soci^t^s commerciales 

 en droit compare. 



For the second year — Histoire diplomatique de I'Europe depuis le 

 Congres de Vienne ; revolution ^conomique au XIX^ si^cle ; les institu- 

 tions de la France et de TAUemagne ; le regime colonial et la legislation 

 du Congo ; les associations en droit compare. 



Seminar or class instruction is given at the universities, though the 

 particular form it takes varies with the other organisation provided, and 

 the character of the students. At the University of Ghent a class 

 supplementary to the lectures is formed, where discussion takes place ; 

 at Louvain Professor Brants directs a ' cours pratique,' ' the members of 

 which (some dozen in number) write treatises, discuss economic move- 

 ments, and make excursions to centres presenting features of economic 

 interest. 



' Conference d'ficonomie Sociale. Rapport sur ses travaux, 1891-92. Louvain. 



