ON ECONOMIC TRAINING IN THIS AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 383 



Analysis of Economic Thought. Critical Examination of the Labour 

 Problem and the Monopoly Problem. 



Most universities have, in addition, established seminars, where study 

 proceeds on the lines with which Continental students are familiar. In- 

 dividual members, in most instances graduates, and all advanced students, 

 undertake particular subjects, on which they prepare reports or treatises 

 to be read and discussed at the weekly meeting. During their researches 

 they are more or less under the direction of the professor or teacher who 

 undertakes the courses in connection with the department of Economics 

 under which their subject falls. At Yale there are two seminaries and 

 one discussion society ; at Columbia College there is one for students 

 who have studied only one year, two (in Economics and Finance) for 

 those who are more advanced. The value of the work produced differs, 

 of course, with the character of the university. At Harvard and the other 

 more highly developed universities it is naturally very high. 



In certain other countries the attention given to the subject of 

 Economics demands for different reasons less detailed notice. In some 

 instances the resemblance to countries already described renders further 

 description superfluous ; in others the geographical limitations of the 

 country, or the comparative absence of opportunities for such special 

 branches of the higher education, necessitate a much slighter notice than 

 that given to the foregoing countries. 



In Spain the connection between economic and legal studies is very 

 similar to that existing in Italy. Students of the first and second year 

 attend courses in Economics and Finance, Statistics being apparently 

 nowhere insisted upon. At some of the universities an attempt is made 

 to supplement these elementary courses by conferences and by visits, both 

 to industrial undertakings, as factories, mines, <ic., and to financial 

 establishments, as banks ; while the introduction of sociological institutes 

 or seminars is looked for at others, as, for instance, at Oviedo. 



In Sweden ' there are two professors of Political Economy, one at the 

 University of Upsala, one at the University of Lund, both belonging to the 

 Faculty of Law, and teaching in addition to Political Economy some 

 purely juridical subjects. There are also two professors in Politics and 

 Statistics, one at Upsala, one at Lund, both belonging to the Faculty of 

 Arts, and teaching at their discretion Public Law, either Swedish or 

 foreign, and Statistics.' ' The two professors of Political Economy in the 

 Faculty of Law have to prepare and examine all the students who go in 

 for the State examinations for entrance to the different branches of the 

 civil service. But as Political Economy possesses very little importance 

 in any of the three forms of these examinations, as compared with Juris- 

 prudence,' little stress is laid on its study in this faculty. Of the two 

 other professors, one (at Upsala) lectures chiefly on Politics, the other on 

 Statistics, both these studies being optional for the two Arts degrees. The 

 theory of Political Economy is not taught. Seminar instruction is ar- 

 ranged to supplement that given in the lecture courses. 



In Norway, at the University of Christiania, the system is nearly 

 identical with that of Sweden. There, too, it is found that, owing to the 

 complete subordination of Economics to Law, the knowledge required is 

 elementary in character. 



The same impulses which direct the attention of young Americans 

 to the study of Economics are felt in Canada. At the University of 



