384 REPORT— 1894. 



Toronto the importance attached to such studies is adequately shown by 

 the large attendances present at the several courses. These courses are 

 carefully arranged and graduated so as to furnish the student with a 

 sound knowledge of the various branches of the subject, and to fit him to 

 undertake, as he is expected to do in his latter years, research into some 

 branch of economic fact. 



In Switzerland, the position held by economic studies is, on the whole, 

 at least as favourable as that in the southern countries of Germany. A 

 knowledge of Economics is obligatory on those entering the legal profession, 

 ■while, owing to the arrangements made, the duty of examining the can- 

 didates may, and in practice, I believe, does fall largely on the university 

 professors. Moreover, in the university curricula, the place of Economics, 

 so far as Berne is concerned, is very fortunate. True, the subject is 

 optional, as indeed are all subjects for the doctorate, but it may be 

 taken for either the legal or the philosophical doctorate (Dr. Juris or Dr. 

 Phil.). At the Ziirich Polytechnicon it is taught, being obligatory in 

 some form or other for the diplomas of Forestry and Agriculture. In addition 

 there is a fair voluntary attendance at these lectures. The system of 

 instruction presents no features requiring particular notice. The chief 

 courses are on National Economy and Finance, with the frequent addition 

 of Practical Economics. These are supplemented by special courses at 

 the option of the teacher, and by the seminar. 



APPENDIX II. 



On Economic Studies in France. By Henry Higgs. 



Economic teaching in France, so far as it consists of lectures regularly 

 delivered at the same place by the same person, is to be looked for in — 



(i.) The College de France, Paris; 

 (ii.) The Conservatoire des Arts et Me'tiers, Paris; 



(iii.) The Universite de France, consisting of the aggregate of local 

 ' universities,' or faculties officially recognised, in Paris and the 

 pi'ovinces ; 



(iv.) The free or unofficial faculties and schools in Paris and the pro- 

 vinces, including all the Catholic ' universities ' (which cannot 

 come to terms with the State on the question of the faculty of 

 theology), the Fcole Libre des Sciences Politiques, Paris, and 

 others. 



A certain amount of economic instruction is also imparted in the 

 Fcoles supe'rieures div Commerce, generally endowed by the municipalities 

 of commercial towns. Elementary notions of Economics are officially 

 prescribed as part of the programme of elementary schools. 



(i.) It is at the College de France that one expects to find leading 

 teachers of Economics in France. The traditions of its chair (which 

 was founded in 1830), and the authority vested in its occupants, 

 added to the attractions of a scientific post in Paris, have been a sufficient 

 inducement for the most eminent economists to offer themselves for 

 appointment here. The stimulus of contact with growing, vigorous, and 



