462 REPOiiT— 1894. 



must let his shadow fall on a sick shaman, as the latter might take it, 

 and thus replace his own lost soul. 



There are two classes of shamans : the witches (Si'owa, called S9o'wa 

 by the Lillooet) and the SQula'm. The difference between the two has 

 been described in the sixth report of the Committee in the account of 

 the beliefs of the Lku'iig'En. The witch can see the wandering soul, but 

 she cannot return it. The SQula'm acquires his art by fasting and cere- 

 monial cleansing, which consists principally in bathing and vomiting. 

 This is continued until he has a revelation. In his incantations he uses 

 rattling anklets and bracelets around wrists and above elbows, which arc 

 made of deer hoofs and bird claws. When it is the object of his incanta- 

 tion to recover a lost soul, he covers himself with a large mat, and begins 

 to dance, stamping energetically, until he is believed to sink into the 

 ground as far as his belly. While the incantation continues, which may 

 be for one or even two days, the sick one must fast. Then the shaman 

 lies motionless while his soul goes in pursuit of that of the patient. 

 When it returns with the lost soul, the shaman begins to move again, and 

 shouts. His cries refer to imaginary incidents of his journey and to 

 dangers of the road. As soon as he begins to move, his wife places a 

 cup of water near him, which she heats by means of hot stones. Then 

 he rises, holding the soul in his clasped hands. Ho blows on it four 

 times and sprinkles it four times with the warm water. After having 

 warmed it by these means, he puts it on the sick person's head. Then it 

 enters the body through the frontal fontanelle. He presses on it four 

 times and rubs it down the body, which the soul fills entirely. Tlie 

 shaman blows some water on the chest and back of the sick person, who 

 is then allowed to drink, and after some time to eat. The soul may 

 escape while the shaman is trying to put it into the body of the patient. 

 Tlaen ho must go once more in pursuit. Sometimes the shaman sees the 

 main soul breaking into several parts. The owner of the broken soul 

 must die. 



The sun plays an important part in the beliefs of these tribes. It 

 has been stated that he carries away souls. He is also believed to send 

 dreams and to give the fasting youth revelations. After continued fast- 

 ing in the solitude of the mountains, the sun revealed to him the super- 

 natural power which was to be his helper. George StsEe'lis told me that 

 Ills grandfather was instructed by the sun to take a large piece of bone 

 jiud to carve the design of a mouth on it ; this was to protect him in war. 

 When he was wounded the bone sucked the blood from his wounds and 

 vomited it, thus curing him. Once in a battle fought with the Lillooet 

 he was wounded in the abdomen. He escaped on the ice of the lake, 

 dragging his entrails. He replaced them and bandaged himself with 

 cedar-bark. By the help of his bone implement he recovered. 



The sun told warriors before the battle if they would be wounded. 

 After having received such a warning they demanded to be buried, with their 

 legs stretched out, as it was believed that the sun might restore them to 

 life. By continued fasting warriors acqaired the faculty of jumping 

 high and far, which enabled them to escape the missiles of their enemies. 

 This was considered essentially a supernatural power, and one warrior 

 was said to have jumped as far as eighteen fathoms. Warriors went 

 naked and were forbidden to eat before or during an attack. Their 

 bodies and faces were painted red, and black spots or stripes of various 

 designs were put on their faces. They wore head ornaments of feathers. 



