TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 



713 



2. On a Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes. 

 By Hugh Egbert Mill, D.Sc, F.R.S.E. 



Ten of the largest English lakes were sounded by the author, assisted by Mr. 

 E. Heawood, Mr. Shields, and others, and tlie final discussion of the work enables 

 the following tabular statement to be drawn up : — 



There are two main types amongst these lakes, the shallow and the deep. The 

 former, including only Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, are the broadest of all 

 the lakes, and they only average 38 feet in depth. The bed of these lakes may be 

 roughly described as an undulating plain, grooved and ridged into shallow hollows, 

 and low shoals running parallel to the long axis of the lake. 



The second, or deep type, the shallowest of which has an average depth of 

 40 feet, comprises all the other lakes. Ennerdale combines the characteristics of 

 both types, conforming to the deep type in its upper, to the shallow in its lower 

 reach. They are long, narrow, sometimes winding like Ullswater, or slightly 

 curved in outline like Wastwater and Haweswater. The most characteristic lie in 

 long narrow valleys with steeply sloping sides, and the slopes are continued under 

 water with almost equal steepness, in some cases with greater steepness, and termi- 

 nate in an almost flat floor. The typical form of this class of lake is thus a steep- 

 sided flat-bottomed trough, diversified along the slopes by the still steeper conical 

 mounds of debris thrown down at the mouths of streams. 



3. On the Currents of the Faeroe- Shetland Channel and the North Sea. 



ByH. N. 



Dickson, F.R.S.E. 



The physical observations made by the author on board H.M.S. ' Jackal,' on 

 behalf of the Fishery Board for Scotland, during August 1893,^ were continued in 

 November 1893, and in February and May 1894. The unusual atmospheric con- 

 ditions during the year 1803 probably made the differences of temperature observed 

 greater than the normal, and those of salinity less, at least during the earlier part 

 of the work. The discussion of the observations leads to the following provisional 

 conclusions : — 



1. While the Atlantic current flowing over the Wyville-Thomson ridge attains 

 its maximum velocity in winter, its speed is maintained during summer by the 

 gi eater warmth of the upper layers of water in the Atlantic, and consequent higher 

 level of the surface of that ocean compared with the Norwegian Sea. Passing 

 over the ridge, the Atlantic current is cooled by mixture with the cold water of 



' The paper is published in the Beport of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1894, 

 * Brit. Assoc. Report, 1893, p. 833. 



