"52 . REPORT— 1894. 



Conclusion : Tliat in the mass of unskilled latour in such centres the tendency 

 is towards a low standard of morality, and the conditions of industrial life for 

 this class of girls are in greater need of reform than the present conditions of 

 ■domestic service. 



SATUBDAY, AUGUST 11. 



The following Papers were read : — 



1. Statistics of Comparative General and Old-age Pauperism in England 

 and Wales, 1831 to 1891. By C. S. Loch. 



1. Material available. Plan of investigation. The method of compaiison 

 adopted. 



'2. The issues to be settled : — 



(1) Is pauperism on the increase (a) in regard to children, {b) in regard to 



the able-bodied, (c) in regard to the not able-bodied, including the aged 

 and infirm ? 



(2) Is there less continuous pauperism, but more casual and intermittent 



pauperism ? 



(3) How far are local habit and race instinct a barrier against pauperism ? 



(4) How far is pauperism influenced by administration ? 



(5) Does the rule hold good generally that reduction of outdoor relief 



reduces pauperism, and that this reduction is accompanied by a slight, 

 but by no means corresponding, increase in indoor relief ? 



(6) Is there reason to believe that the forces now at work, if allowed fair 



play, would reduce pauperism and State maintenance to a minimum P 



(7) Can we ascertain what standard of pauperism may fairly be expected to 



prevail in any circumstances in the community ? 



3. The pauperism of the union as shown by an analysis of cases in some 

 metropolitan and other unions : its character ; how far it is transitory, how far 

 permanent ; how it is relieved. 



4. The pauperism of England and Wales, past and present : in regard to 

 children, the able-bodied, and the not able-bodied. 



5. The pauperism of the union counties considered historically: — 



(1) The pauperism of the counties in the year 1831, as shown by financial 



statistics. 



(2) The pauperism of the counties, recorded and comparative, as shown in 



the returns for the Lady Day quarter 1840 to 1846. 



(3) The general pauperism of the counties, recorded and comparative, by 



January 1 returns: 18G1, 1871, 1881, 1891 (sketch maps of compara- 

 tive pauperism for 1862-71, 1872-81, and 1882-91 were exhibited). 

 In these and other statistics in this pauper vagrants and lunatics are 

 omitted, unless their inclusion is mentioned. 



(4) The not able-bodied and old-age pauperism of the counties. 



6. The pauperism of the unions of forty-one large towns, including London, 

 .shown on the comparative method, 1861 to 1891. The relation of London and the 

 large towns to the country generally in regard to pauperism. 



7. A comparison of the year 1881, based on Mr. Hollond's return, with the 

 year 1892, based on Mr. Ritchie's return, showing the decrease in the volume of 

 pauperism in the year. 



8. The pauperism due to old age : its true measure and amount. 



9. The present restraints on pauperism. 



10. The finances of Poor Law administration. On what heads and in what 



