TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 779 



Timor. Eastwards a variety occurs in the ' pangolo ' of New Britain, a tow with 

 two strings, one of which is hraced to the bow with a string, as in South African 

 examples. In the Solomon Islands miniature tows are played upon with the 

 fingers ; at least three varieties are tnown there, one of which has two strings 

 (' kalove ' of Florida Island). In the Marquesas group a musical tow exists ; and 

 in the Sandwich Islands an instrument is found which, though it can hardly he 

 called a ' tow,' is evidently closely allied to the two-stringed * kalove ' of Florida 

 Island. In the New World a pretty wide range is seen for the musical tow, tut 

 as it is here evidently of African origin, and owes its transmission to the immi- 

 gration of African latour, the instrument in this region calls for no special 

 remark. 



In Africa one may stiU trace stages in the development of the primitive forms 

 of harps from the musical bow, while the more elatorate harps of the ancient 

 Egyptians and Greeks show unmistakatle signs of this original derivation, as does 

 the modern harp of Burma, and that of the Ossetes of the Caucasus, as also several 

 harp-like forms of medieval times in Western Europe. These all agree in the 

 atsence of a supporting front pillar, and the many otvious inconveniences of these 

 forms justify one in saying that these instruments would never have come into 

 existence except as a gradual development from primitive tow-like forms, the 

 awkwardness of whose structure persisted through a somewhat tlind adherence to 

 traditional form. In India there is evidence that the ' vina ' owes its origin to the 

 Ibow, there still surviving various intermediate t^-pes which can reasonatly te 

 regarded as survivals of various stages in the phylogeny of the group. 



8. The Relations between Body and Mind, as expressed in Early Languages^ 

 Customs, and Myths. By Rev. G. Hartwell Jones, M.A. 



The conditions in which early races lived precluded the possibility of arriving- 

 at anything like anatomy or psychology. Yet some crude notions appear in 

 ancient literatures, customs, and myths, and these tecome more intelligitle when 

 viewed in the light of similar superstitions which have prevailed at all times 

 among improgressive trites of savages. Naturally, the study of the physical frame 

 and mental constitution received tut little attention tefore the rise of science in the 

 East and Asia Minor. 



That the Indo-European Urvolh must have had some knowledge of (i.) tJie 

 body is proved ty their common inheritance of descriptive words for parts of the 

 hunian frame. Even where the roots of vocables relating to the tody are not akin, 

 there is a resemtlance in the conccjjtions prevalent in widely distant parts of Europe, 

 and, indeed, of the globe. Among their common possessions are (1) words, some 

 describing the creation of the body, others the shape, others the substance. Again, 

 (2) the similarity of the conceptions is noteworthy." When analysed, these exhibit 

 a growth of meaning, transition of thought, and gradual gain in distinctness of 

 idea. At first, however, there is constant confusion. Thus the bodily sense is 

 confused with its organ, and a connection was supposed to exist between defects of 

 the body and mental weakness. The habit also of employing one member to repre- 

 sent the whole is frequently found in early stages of language, and particularly in 

 poetry. And if the ideas concerning the "body and its parts were indistinct, as was 

 to be expected in the earlier stages of human development, still more vague was 

 the knowledge of (ii.) the mind and its phenomena. Especially common among primi- 

 tive and backward races is the notion that life, mind, and soul are air, vapour, or 

 shade ; for example, in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Teutonic languages. Their 

 general idea, too, of the mental faculties was hazy. Even as late as Homer"s age 

 the body was regarded as the source of all actions, but by the poet's time know- 

 ledge had progressed far enough to discriminate the intellectual and emotional 

 faculties, the power of reflection, memory, and imagination. In this connection 

 several interesting points arise : (a) in the growth of language and thought the 

 physical and concrete precede the psychical and abstract ; for instance, in Greek, 

 Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and Chinese. (j3) There was until a very late period still 



