88 REPORT— 1895. 



convection currents, unequal heating in its parts, and other interferences. 

 In spite of these objections, I find it satisfactory. It is cheap, easily put 

 up to read from 1'' to 0"'5, easily worked, while the light is near the film, 

 and therefore in the best position to use with ordinary bi'omide paper. 



With more delicate apjsaratus, on the Tokio plain at least, no matter 

 what the size of the foundations might be, the results of my experiments 

 show that such insti'uments continually require i-eadjustment in order to 

 keep the light on a film of manageable breadth, while if installed on the 

 rocks in the mountains I fancy that, owing to earthquakes or the gradual 

 yielding of the column, there would be a constant change in the mean- 

 ing of the deflections. In two of my pendulums I notice that sometimes 

 they gradually become more sensitive and sometimes less sensitive. 



The columns I am using underground are of brick, 2 ft. high and 2 ft. 

 square, jiut together with pure cement. On the top of these, at first, I 

 placed a slab of marble ; but because I noticed that in a damp atmo- 

 sphere there was a marked chemical action taking place between the brass 

 screws and the stone on which they rested, the marble has been replaced 

 by slate. 



(h) Observations at Kamahura. 



Kamakura, one of the ancient capitals of Japan, lies on the western 

 side of tlie Miura Peninsula, facing the Pacific Ocean. On account of its 

 ancient temples and its enormous bronze Buddha it is visited by almost 

 all travellers to Japan. The geologist has an interest in visiting this 

 place, as it has been the site of a series of earthquakes, which, with their 

 accompanying sea waves on more than one occasion, are said to have laid 

 waste a city of a million jjeople. The place is prettily situated amongst 

 Tertiaiy hills which rise to heights of from 100 to 600 feet around the 

 plain on which the ancient capital stood. The cliff-like faces of these 

 hills show a series of conformable beds dipping about 30° N.E. These 

 beds, which are soft grey coloured clay stones or beds of consolidated 

 ashes, are from a few inches to a few feet in thickness, and are traversed 

 by numerous small faults the throw of which, so far as I have observed, 

 does not exceed six feet. Near to the temples, caves have been excavated, 

 which are used as shrines ; while similar but smaller caves have been 

 made by farruers, and are used as storehouses. 



The general relationship of the strata at Kamakura to the alluvium 

 and diluvium overlying tufi" at Yokohama and Tokio is shown in the ac- 

 companying section. 



Fig. 2. 



J^ima/^ar^z. , YoAokama. 7.,. 



2 nvTTO ^ J A:^77^. 



At Kamakura tlie tuffs are crushed and faulted, but before reaching 

 Yokohama they pass into gentle folds, and then become horizontal and are 

 capped with some fifty feet of reddish earth and gravel. This condition, 

 with the exception that the overburden is perhaps 100 feet in thickness, 

 continues up to Tokio. 

 t At Yokohama the tuffs, which almost entirely consist of a light grey 



