356 REPORT— 1895. 



removal by ' ballastage ' for road-making and building purposes, and im- 

 proper and badly conceived engineering works. 



General Report B. — 'The South-eastern Coast of England,' by Colonel 

 E. C. Sim, R.E. (Retired). Shows severe loss of coast where public pre- 

 servation works are neglected, and the value of their being carried out on 

 scientific principles. Groynes are valuable to check movement of shingle, 

 and to tie the foot of sea-walls and prevent their being undermined ; an 

 80-foot groyne protects only 100 feet of coast ; they should be directed 

 towai'ds the prevailing dangerous winds, and if the coast suffers from both 

 south-east and south-west winds, land ties on both sides ai-e necessary, and 

 in all cases the groynes should be so built as to get the beach to topple 

 over and accumulate on the leeward side as well as the windward. 



General Report C. — ' Erosion of Sea-coast, Langney (or Langley) Point, 

 and Beachy Head, Sussex,' by F.W. Bourdillon,M. A., Eastbourne. Shows 

 that the removal of reefs of Upper Greensand rocks between tide-marks 

 has caused coast erosion, and the necessity of numerous strong groynes. 



General Report D. — ' The Coast of East Kent,' by G. Dowker, F.G.S. 

 Sketches taken of Pegwell Bay between 1849 and 1884 show great erosion. 



Detailed Reports. — 1. 'Sidmouth,' by Peter Orlando Hutchinson. 

 Groynes entirely failed, and an esplanade wall had to be built. Considers 

 the land is subsiding beneath the sea at the rate of 10 inches per 100 years. 



2. ' Lyme Regis and Charmouth,' by R. B. Grantham. This i^eport 

 does not refer to the destruction of the clift' between the places named, and 

 the fall of a churchyard at their westward end. The I'ate of erosion is 

 much facilitated by the removal of ' cement stones ' at the base of the 

 cliff. 



3. ' Axmouth to Eype,' by Horace B. Woodward. Quotes much local 

 information ; annual waste of cliff about 3 feet per annum in soft rock and 

 1 foot in hard. 



4. 'Bridport Harbour,' by H. B. Woodward. About 10,000 tons of 

 shingle removed away in six months, stated to be sometimes replaced in a 

 single tide. 



5. ' Weymouth,' by Bernard H. Woodward. Removal of shingle 

 now prevented ; groynes washed away in 1883. 



6. ' Christchurch to Poole,' by Rev. G. H. West, Bournemouth. Re- 

 moval of ironstone forming natural groyne has caused shingle to travel. 



7. 'Sandown Bay,' by Lieut.-Col. Garnier, R.E., Parkhurst, Isle of 

 Wight. States the groynes east of Sandown to protect sea-wall do not 

 appear to have prevented the accumulation of shingle at Yaverland. 



8. 'Brading Harbour,' by R. B. Grantham, M.Inst.C.E., E.G.S. 

 Half and full tide reefs have protected the coast. 



9. 'Bembriclge, &c.. Isle of Wight,' by Lieut. Norris, R.E. The 

 serious loss of rich land, due to pressure of land drainage of ' blue slipper,' 

 in the ' undercliff ' ; there is only one 3-inch weephole to 8 yards of wall, 

 which is wholly insufficient. 



10. ' Pagham,' by R. B. Grantham, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S. Reclaimed 

 lands safely sustained by taking land water in tunnel through natural 

 shingle bank to low water on sea-front. 



11. ' Worthing to Lancing,' by R. B. Grantham, Inspector under the 

 Land Commissioners. Groynes 200 feet in length, 500 feet apart, set at 

 angle of 63° to 80° to coast line, 15 in number, supported by land ties, 

 cause effectual accumulation of shingle. 



12. ' Lancing to Shoreham,' by R. B. Grantham. Groynes similar to 



