I 



ON THE EROSION OF THE SEA-COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 357 



above, built in 1877-8, have cost nothing since, and caused great increase 

 of shingle. 



13. ' Littlehampton to Brighton,' by W. E. C. Nourse, F.R.C.S. Gives 

 examples of medium-sized groynes, giving good results, but extra sizes 

 give no protection ; the coast generally is wasted and lowered, and many 

 buildings destroyed. 



14. 'Newhaven and Seaford,' by A. E. Carey, Resident Engineer, 

 Newhaven Harbour Works, Sussex. Concrete .sea-wall at Seaford, and 

 the Harbour Company's wall, if united, now 1,400 yards apart, would save 

 this coast for many years. 



15. ' Beachy Head to Hastings,' by Colonel E. C. Sim, R.E., Brighton. 

 Points out that sea-walls at Hastings, Bexhill, Eastbourne, Newhaven, 

 Brighton, Worthing, &c., have arrested erosion of sea-coasts. 



16. ' St. Leonards and Hastings,' by Richard B. Grantham. Groynes, 

 120 to 200 feet long, locally protect the buildings and shore at the back 

 of them. 



18. 'Deal,' by Major A. C. Hepper, R.E. At Walmer Castle an 

 increase of shingle in a century. At Sandown Castle a decrease of 145 

 feet between 1741 and 1859. 



19. ' Sheerness,' by Colonel Le Mesurier, Pt.E. The parish of Warden 

 lias lost 220 acres in 220 years. 



20. ' Chatham and Sheerness,' by J. CiiisiroLM Gooden, Tavistock 

 Square, London. Waste in the Medway estuary 157 feet in 14 years, 

 at Sharpness 11 feet per annum. 



To this Report is appended a ' Chronological List of Works on the Coast- 

 Changes and Shore-Deposits of England and Wales,' by W. Wiiitaker, 

 B.A., F.G.S., of which 431 were received from the late Mr. Topley. 

 They range from the year 1675 to 1886. 



Second Report, 1886.' 



Detailed Rejwrt. — 1 . ' Westgate to Margate, Kent,' by R. B. Grantham, 

 M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S. In places 20 feet of cliff has been lost between 1880 

 and 1886 ; a plan is given showing the area lost. 



2. ' Estuary of the Colne,' by John Bateman, Brightlingsea. Waste 

 of 100 yards between 1832 and 1886. 



3. 'The Deben to the Colne,' by P. S. Brupf, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer 

 to the Harwich Harbour Conservancy Board. Shingle diminishes where 

 coast not protected by groynes. The coast is worn back on an average 50 

 feet in 10 years, but occasionally double that amount. 



5. 'Aldeburgh to Cromer,' by W. Teasdell, C.E., Yarmouth. 

 Gorle.ston Cliff has x'etreated from 200 to 300 feet in the past 40 years. 



6. ' Weybourn to Happisbvirgh,' by Alfred C. Savin, Cromer. 

 Shingle entirely diminishes through artificial abstraction. Cliffs eroded 

 2 yards a year when not protected by sea-walls. 



7. 'Weybourn to Palling,' by Clement Reid, H.M. Geological 

 Survey. Erosion about 2 yards a year. Groynes near Eccles have stopped 

 this locally. 



8. 'North-west Coast of Norfolk,' by J. S. Valentine, M.Inst.C.E., 

 Westminster. Shingle taken where it accumulates, and where the coast is 

 bare of it the cliffs have wasted back 20 to 30 feet in 40 years 



' Brit. Assoc. Report, 1886, pp. 817-862. 



