376 REPORT— 1895. 



the lower ends of the old groynes have been already nearly buried under the 

 sand. They are each about 250 feet long, and are placed there about 400 

 feet apart, so that there will be rather less than one half the original number 

 to maintain. 



13. No. 



14. a. Where there are cliffs, which I have referred to, they are gradually being worn 



back at the rate of about 4 to 5 feet per annum ; but where the land is below high 

 water the beach arrested by the groynes protects it. The beach, however, has 

 occasionally at those low points been driven back inland and covered small 

 parts of the estate, d. I have no data of this kind. e. No ; where there is 

 beach the cliff is still being worn back. 



15. a. There is shingle all along the frontage I refer to, and it would in the low 



places be dangerous to the land if it were swept away for any length. 

 b. In places where shingle has been swept away and the shore left bare it has 

 been entirely due to the defective state of the groynes. Where substantial 

 new groynes are erected they do for a time arrest the travelling of the shingle 

 and deprive the coast further westwards of so much as the)' absorb ; but when 

 the groynes fill up towards the top of their planking, although if properly 

 built and placed they may still continue from time to time to collect more, 

 the greater quantity passes on to the westwards, the remainder going to 

 increase the ' fulls,' and so drive the H.W.M. seawards. The result of this 

 action may be seen between Lancing and Shoreham, further westwards, where, 

 according to my measurement, owing to the groynes the beach has gained some 

 40 to 50 yards in breadth, driving high water so much seawards during the last 

 ten years. 



16. No. 



17. No. 



18. I do not think there are any. 



19. It should be observed that this part of the coast is not protected by any sea- 



wall. It is dependent for its protection on the accumulation of beach ; and as 

 the beach can only be secured by the groynes, their proper construction and 

 maintenance are of course of vital importance to the landowner where the 

 land lies below the level of high water. 



Norfolk Coast. 

 Great Tarmonth. By Major A. G. Clayton, E.E., Norwicli. 



1. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. 



2. Flat sand. 



3. North and south. 

 ft. Variable. 



5. a. North-west. b. West north-west. c. Shingle does not travel. 

 C. North and south. 



7. (1) a. 4 feet. b. 3 feet. (2) About 50 yards. 



8. Sand ; but at certain periods, generally spring and autumn, banks of shingle are 



thrown up. 



9. d. About the size of a walnut, e. The shingle is in detached banks only. 



10. Apparently diminishing. 



11. Yes. 



12. There are no groynes. 



13. a. Between high and low water, b. Ballast for fishing smacks and for roads 



chiefly, d. No. 

 1ft. No. 



16. No. 



17. Yes. a. Denes, b. 5 feet and 8 feet d. No. e. No. 



Cromer. By W. James K. Fkost. 



7. (1) a. 16 feet. b. 12 feet. (2) a. 200 yards, b. 100 yards. 



12. a, b, 0. Tracing annexed showing particulars, d. (a) 8 feet (above usual beach 

 level), tapering seawards to 3 feet, {h) From 8 to 4 feet, (c) From top of 

 groyne to 3 or 4 feet. e. Timber, f. Accumulation of beach and protection 



