ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 549 



cephalic index decreases rapidly as we go up Fraser River, but it is higher 

 among the Shuswap than among the Nkamtd'nEmuQ. The facial index 

 increases quite i-egularly from Harrison Lake to the Shuswap, but we 

 must remember that the face of the NtlakyapamuQ'o'e is much smaller 

 than that of the Shuswap and that of the lower divisions of the Ntlakya'- 

 pamuQ. The nasal index is so variable that we cannot draw any con- 

 clusions from its average values. 



It seems, therefore, that there is a disturbing element among the 

 NtlakyapamuQ'o'e whicli conceals among them the gradual approach of 

 forms between the Harrison Lake type and that of the Shuswap. This 

 fact does not seem surprising, as it is likely that mixture has taken place 

 along Fraser River. The low values of the breadth of face remind us 

 of the Tinneh tribes of Oregon and California, and I do not consider 

 it unlikely that we may find here the effects of an admixture of Tinneh 

 blood. 



However the peculiarities of the NtlakyapamuQ o'e may be explained, 

 the fact remains that the Ntlakya'pamuQ, who represent a people speaking 

 one language, are physically by no means homogeneous. The upper and 

 lower divisions indicate clearly the effect of mixture with the neighbour- 

 ing tribes; while the central group, 'the real Ntlakya'pamuQ,' present 

 peculiarities of their own, which may be the old characteristics of the 

 Ntlakya'pamuQ, or which may be due to admixture of Tinneh blood. The 

 gradual change of type along Fraser River proves clearly that these tribes 

 must have occupied these regions for very long times, and that the 

 population has been very stable. The differences in type between the 

 divisions of this people oiler an excellent example of the fact that linguis- 

 tic and anatomical classifications do not follow the same lines ; that people 

 who are the same in type, and must therefore be related in blood, may 

 speak different languages ; and that people who difier in type may speak 

 the same language. 



It remains to give a review of the number of children of women of 

 the tribes which I investigated. The data obtained by means of this 

 inquiry allow us to understand the causes of the diminution in numbers 

 among these Indians, and suggest at the same time a possible remedy for 

 this sad fact. I give here the number of living and deceased children 

 of all the women whom I measured, arranged according to ages. 



When we direct our attention to the average number of children of 

 women of more than forty years of age, we find the following result : — 



Nass River Indians 

 Kwakiutl 

 Uta'mk-t 



NtlakyapamuQ'o'e 

 Nkamtci'nEmuQ . 



4'8 children ( 6 cases) 



3-5 „ (20 „ ) 



5-3 „ (11 „ ) 



5-8 „ (13 „ ) 



5-8 „ (10 „ ) 



Although the number of observations is small, the general result is 

 undoubtedly correct, and agrees with the relative number of children in 

 the villages of the various groups, the number being very small among the 

 Kwakiutl, and much larger among the other tribes. The number of chil- 

 dren among the Ntlakya'pamuQ equals that found among the tribes of 

 other parts of North America, while that of the Kwakiutl is much smaller. 



The cause of the diminution of the tribes becomes clearest when we 

 consider that group of mothers who may just begin to have adult chil- 

 dren, that is, between the ages of thirty-idve and forty-five years. At 



