ON THE NORTH-WESTERX TRIBES OK CANADA, OOO 



exactly with those of the Ntlakya'pamuQ. Their weapons were also exactly 

 the same. Their personal names, so far back as they can trace them, are also 

 Ntlakya'pamuQ. The oldest personal name that they could give me was 

 that of a man of note among them called TsuQkokwa s. This is the only 

 name that I do not recognise as Ntlakya'pamuQ. They said that the pure 

 Stiiwi'iiamuQ whom they had seen were of about the same height as the 

 Ntlakya'pamuQ and Okanagan, but generally heavier in build. They 

 were also of the same complexion. Their features were slightly different, 

 but they could not explain wherein the difference consisted. They told 

 me the names by which the tribe was known among themselves, and also by 

 neighbouring tribes. These names have all the Salish suffix -muQ, 

 meaning people. These names are SEi'lEqamuQ (said to mean people of 

 the liigli country) ; Smile'kamuQandStuwrHamuQ. The last is the name 

 by which they are principally known to the Ntlakya'pamuQ, who have 

 from time immemorial called the upper Nicola country Stuwi'n. The 

 Indians at Spence's Bridge say that this is probably one of the many 

 forms of their word meaning " creek," such as Cawa'uQ, Tcawa'q, Tcuwa'uQ, 

 StcwauQ. Sfii'lEqamuQ is decidedly a Ntlakya'pamuQ word. Smile'kamuQ 

 is probably connected with the place-name Smilekami'n or Smilekami'nuQ, 

 of which Similkameen is a corruption. They say that about sixty years 

 ago the winter habitations of the Ntlakya'pamuQ extended up the Nicola 

 River only some seventeen miles. The country above this point was 

 recognised as belonging to the StuwI'iiamuQ. The Ntlakya'pamuQ called 

 their division which lived along the Lower Nicola River, Tcawa'QamuQ, 

 but the StuwI'HamuQ called them Nkamtcl'nEmuQ, and looked upon them 

 as a part of the division extending irom Thompson Siding to Ashcroft. 

 The Tcawa'QamuQ, or Cawa'QamuQ, used in former days only to go into the 

 Stiiwi'ii country in the summer and fall of the year to hunt. (The 

 reason that the Cawa'QamuQ at that time inhabited principally the lower 

 part of Nicola River was no doubt on account of the superior fishing 

 facilities.) When the number of horses of the Cawa'QamuQ and 

 NkamtcI'nEmuQ began to increase, many of these people moved up to the 

 Stuwi'H country on account of its good grazing, and settled there about 

 fifteen years before the advent of the white miners in 1858. After the 

 country was partly settled by the whites more Cawa'QamuQ and 

 NkamtcI'nEmuQ, many Uta'mk't, and some NtlakyapamuQ'oe and 

 Okanagan settled in the Stuwi'H country, being attracted by its farming 

 facilities. Shortly before the arrival of the whites the Okanagan com- 

 menced to make permanent settlements in the neighbourhood of Douglas 

 Lake on account of the good grazing in that region. The Nicola Tinneh, 

 who were already mixed with these tribes, never offered any opposition to 

 their settlement. At the time of the advent of the whites (1858) the 

 recognised chief of the Nicola country was NEwisiskin, a Cawa'QamuQ, 

 born within seven miles of Spence's Bridge. The Ntlakya'pamuQ soon 

 became the pj-evailing language of that district. It seems that at least 

 for several generations back the Stuwi'HamuQ simply acted on the 

 defensive. The Ntlakya'pamuQ and Okanagan made what use they liked 

 of the Stuwi'ir country, hunting in it and passing through it when 

 they desired. The Okanagan always went by that route when going to 

 trade with the NkamtcI'nEmuQ. Parties of Shuswap, Okanagan, and 

 Ntlakya'pamuQ on war expeditions against each other passed through the 

 Stuwi'H country unmolested. 



' One of the old men whom I saw, named Tcuie'ska or Se'suluskin, is 



