680 REPORT— 1895 



and an examinatiou of tiie deposits above tlae water level they ascertained that the 

 succession was probably as follows : 



Feet 



Gravelly surface soil about 2 



Brickearth : towards the base Valvata piscinalis, 

 cyprids, bones of ox, horse, elephant (?), and 

 Palfeolithic implements . . . . . „ 12 



Sandy gravel, sometimes carbonaceous, with flint 



flakes ,,1 



Peaty clay, with leaves of Arctic plants (?) . . „ 4 



Lignite, witli wood of yew, oak (?), white birch, and 



seeds of cornel, &c. ....... 1 



Green calcareous clay, with fish, Valvata jjiscinaUs, 

 Bytlnnia tentaculata, cypvids, Ranunculus i-epens, 

 Carex ......... 4 



Boulder clay. 



The authors suggest the appointment of a committee to continue this work, as 



. Hoxne is apparently the best locality in the I'^asteru Counties for ascertaining the 



relation of Palieolitliic man to the Glacial epoch. The seeming occurrence of a 



temperate flora between the morainic deposits and the clays with Arctic plants 



should also be investigated and decided beyond question. 



10. Some Suffolk Well-sections. By W. Whitaker, F.R.S. 

 Ordered to be printed in extenso. — See ReiDorts, p. 436. 



FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 13. 

 The following Papers and Reports were read : — 

 1. On Pitch Glaciers or Poissiers. By Professor W. J. SoLLAS, D.Sc, F.R.S. 



Pitch and the ice of glaciers strikingly resemble each other in behaving as 

 solids and liquids, according to their manner of treatment. On the sudden appli- 

 cation of force they break like brittle material, but yield like fluids when subjected 

 to gradual pull or pressure. Hence it is possible to employ pitch in the construction 

 of working models of glaciers in order to obtain an insight into those internal 

 movements of actual glaciers which are beyond the reach of direct observation. 

 The study of glacial deposits has shown that many erratic boulders were transported 

 during the Glacial period upwards from lower to higher levels, and left stranded on 

 the flanks of mountains some hundreds of feet above their source. This standing 

 difficulty in the way of physical theories of glacier movement has been explained 

 by the study of pitch models, which show that the lower layers of material on 

 approaching an obstacle are carried upwards in an ascending current. The 

 inference, which is confirmed by other lands of observation, is that similar move- 

 ments take place in actual glaciers. Further, a glacier sometimes overrides its 

 terminal moraine without disturbing it ; and in one experiment this was exempli- 

 fied, for pitch flowed for several months over a ridge of loose material without 

 removing a particle of it. A remark made by Professor Fitzgerald, to the effect 

 that viscosity seemed merely to retard, and not to alter, the nature of the move- 

 ment in the cases described led the author to experiment with less viscous material, 

 such as Canada balsam and glycerine, and with concordant results. A trough 

 containing Canada balsam flowing upwards over an obstacle under its own head of 

 pressure was shown by the lantern projected on the screen. 



A raised model of Ireland has been constructed, and the directions of ice- 

 movement, as determined by the Rev. Maxwell Close, indicated upon it by 



