TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 781 



each decade are dependent on the variations of the number of births in the preced- 

 ing half-century. Yet this dependence is so well understood that in the Census 

 Report of 1861 it was predicted that the population over twenty years of age in 

 1S81 would be 14,167,745, and the Census of 1881 enumerated 13,958,616, so that 

 the error was onlj' 15 per thousand. Again, in the Census Iteport of 1871 it was pre- 

 dicted that the population over ten years of age in 1881 would be 19,365,188, and 

 when the time came 19,306,179 were enumerated. If the same method had been 

 used in 1881, the population over ten iu 1891 would have been estimated at 

 22,129,736, and the number enuuun-ated was 22,053,857. In both these last cases 

 the error is between 3 and 3k per thousand. 



The diagram exhibited shows the basis of these estimates and continues the 

 series to 1951. The population at each age living at every moment between 1851 

 and 1891 is indicated by lines sloping downwards, and the gradual progress of 

 each generation from the birth of its tirst member on the Census morning to its 

 final extinction by the death of its last survivor more than a hundred years after- 

 wards, is shown by lines sloping upwards from left to right. From the form of 

 the figure it will be seen at once that while an immediate cessation of the growth 

 of population is, in the absence of some great convulsion, altogether out of the 

 question, a gradual diminution and eventual cessation before the middle of next 

 century is quite compatible with all reasonable continuitv. 



2. Oil the Correlation of the Rate of General Fauperism with the Projwr- 

 tion of Out- Relief given. By G. U. Yule. 



The author had formed two correlation tables for the years 1871-1891, showing 

 the number of unions in each year, combining given rates of pauperism with given 

 proportions of out-relief. The result showed that the rate of pauperism was 

 indubitably correlated with the proportion of out-relief given, high values in the 

 former corresponding to high values iu the latter (on the average). As this was 

 in flat contradiction to a conclusion of Mr. Charles Booth's,^ an investigation and 

 critique of his methods were also given. 



3. Tlie State and Workers on the Land. By Rev. T. Frome Wilkinson. 



4. The N^ational Value of Organised Labour and Co-operation amongt 

 Women. By Mrs. Bedford Fenwick. 



' Affcd Poor, p. 423. 



