7 
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— = 
ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 587 
ida'hy, to thunder. hasa'k’, to want. 
saanund'k-, to rebuke. tlma’zm, to help. 
silg-aué'l, to accompany. haitht, to rush, 
dé'lemngh*, to reply. gyi'dxgq, to ask. 
mé'lek’, to damn. k:ala'n, to leave something. 
lé'mén, to sing. bak-, to feel. 
gyé, to see. 
. The plural is formed by reduplication, the beginning of the word, as far as the 
‘ke consonant following the first vowel, being repeated with weakened vowel. The 
‘accent of the word is not changed. The reduplicated syllable remains separated 
from the reduplicated word by a hiatus. 
This is particularly evident in words beginning with a vowel. In these there is a 
distinct pause between the terminal consonant of the reduplication and the initial 
vowel of the reduplicated word :— 
Alvar 
ou plural 2x’6 Hy to throw. a'lgyigq plural z?a'lgyiq, to speak. 
am » Em a'm, good. 
It seems to me that this method of forming the plural may be considered dupli- 
cation affected by certain laws of euphony. Monosyllabic words beginning and 
terminating either with a vowel or with a single consonant, according to the rule 
given above, are duplicated. Monosyllabic words terminating with a combination 
of consonants drop all the elements of the terminal cluster of consonants, except 
the first one, because else there would be a great accumulation of consonants in the 
middle of the word. The same causes that bring about the elision of the terminal 
cluster of consonants probably affect polysyllabic words in such a manner that the 
whole end of the word was dropped. This seems the more likely, as the repeated 
syllable has its vowel weakened. Ifa polysyllabic word was thus repeated the effect 
must have been very similar to the repetition of a word with a terminal cluster of 
consonants. For instance, wuld'x, to know, duplicated with weakened vowels, would 
form wulawuld'n. In this word, according to the rule governing the reduplication 
of monosyllabic words with a terminal cluster of consonants, the first # would drop 
out, so that the form wulwuld'n would originate. 
A few euphonic changes of consonants take place :— 
ky, gy, and k, following the first vowel of the word, are aspirated in the redupli- 
cation, and form uz. 
g and k: are also aspirated, and form gq. 
y becomes the surd aspirate w. 
ts becomes s. 
The weakened vowels have a tendency to change into z or @. The variability and 
indistinctness of the vowels make it difficult to establish a general rule. 
I classify the examples in order to bring out the points referred to above. 
a. Monosyllabic words beginning and terminating either with a vowel or with a 
single consonant. 
OH plural in’d’n, to throw. Cag plural ?agt’a'g, lake ; also t’xt’a'q. 
Us »  £8'u's, dog. dzok: »  adzik-dzd'hk:, to camp. 
am »  Emda'm, good. ve » vet’, valley. 
ol »  @Vo'l, bear. métl a mitlmé'ti, to tell. 
dan »  dixda'n, bill. gytc »  gytcgy?'c, wrong. 
Wee »  @icd'e'c, to push. (10) nd’ —s,_~—s (10) nod", hole. 
tlap »  tleptla'p, deep. la'ép »  lepla'dp, stone. 
bati »  betlba'tl, to lay down a flat tsap »  tstptsa'p, to do. 
thing. ts’al »  tsélts’a'l, face. 
hap »  hapha'p, to shut. ts'é'ip »  tsxpts dtp, to tie. 
gan » gianga'n, tree. 
b. Monosyllabic words beginning with a vowel or a single consonant, terminating 
with a cluster of consonants. 
sv'éph* plural sips?'épk*, sick. hréch® plural Ieash'é 'ch‘, narrow. 
8’ éph* »  ts'tpts’é'pk*‘, hard. délpk* »  déldé'lpk*, short. 
ash* ' 4,  @s't/sk‘, stench. (la) da'lth® ,, (Wo) dulda'itk*, to meet. 
gick » gicg i'ok', lean. tlantk‘ »  tlentla'ntk‘, to move. 
