592 REPORT—1896. 
Mental and Physical Deviations from the Normal among Children in 
Public Elementary and other Schools.—Report of the Committee, 
consisting of Sir DouGLas GALTON (Chairman), Dr. FRANcIS 
WakrnER (Secretary), Mr. E. W. Brasroox, Dr. J. G. Garson, 
Dr. WILBERFORCE SMITH, and Mr. E. WHITE WaLuis.—(Report 
drawn up by the Secretary.) 
PAGE 
APPENDIX.—T7welve tables, shoring for cach division of schools the number of 
children seen, the number presenting one or more class of defect. The classes 
of defect are distributed first under school standards, secondly in age groups 595 
Tue Committee, acting in conjunction with a committee appointed for 
the same purpose by the International Congress of Hygiene and Demo- 
graphy, and the British Medical Association, is now able to give a 
further account of the 50,000 children examined individually, 1892-94, 
in sixty-three schools, together with some information bearing on the 
causation of defects in childhood. 
The methods of examination and the points observed were described 
in our first report. The total number of boys and girls, with each class of 
defect, was given in 1894. In our last report the number of boys and 
girls, with the individual defects,was given as distributed in twelve 
divisions of schools, representing Board schools, Voluntary schools, the 
nationalities and social classes ; also the primary classes of defect in pro- 
portions on the number of children seen and the number noted. 
In each of the following tables the heading shows the division of 
schools dealt with. The cases are arranged first in school standards, 
secondly in age groups. Standard 0 contains children too old for the 
infant school and too dull or backward for Standard I. In Table VII. the 
column headed ‘No standard’ contains the boys in a high-class school 
which was not arranged in standards. The average ages as recognised for 
pupils in the standards respectively are :—Infants, five years and under ; 
Standard I., six years, rising a standard a year, so that at twelve years of 
age the child may reach Standard VII. 
The primary main classes of defect are indicated in the tables by 
symbols :— 
A. Defect in development only : not in combination with other class of 
defect. 
B. Abnormal nerve-signs only ; not in combination with other class of 
defect. 
C. Pale, thin, or delicate only. 
D. Reported as mentally dull or backward only. 
Six other primary groups are arranged by taking cases with two main 
classes of defect only. 
Four primary groups present three main classes of defect only. 
One primary group presents the four main classes of defect combined 
in each case. 
The remainder—groups E, F, and G—contain the cases with defects 
not classed above as main classes ; such as eye cases, children maimed or 
crippled, &c. 
We thus show for each division of schools the children who presented 
an observed defect in development of body, in nerve status, in physical 
health and nutrition, and those reported by the teachers-as dull or back- 
