TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 865 
‘4. The Border-land of British Columbia and Alaska. By E. Opium. 
In this paper it is shown how the building of the transcontinental railway by 
the Canadian Pacific Company opened British Columbia, how the rapid influx of 
population into the fishing, mining, and lumbering centres led to the study of the 
boundaries, and how, especially the goldfields of the Yukon River, which is partly 
in Canada and partly in Alaska, forced the question of delimitation on both 
countries. 
The southern cause of dispute—viz., the Portland Channel claim, with the 
adjacent islands of Mary, Revilla Gegido, Annette, and Gravina, with the 
Oolachan fisheries, the Tsimpsen Indians, who removed from Canada to Annette 
Island, and other matters in this area of over 5,000 square miles—was referred to 
first in order. Then followed the central or great gold-bearing strip, in which, or 
adjacent to which, are the mines of silver, Bow Basin, the Junean, and the 
Treadwell, the latter being one of the largest in the world. 
Lastly, the northern portion was considered. This includes the Lynn channel 
and the Chilcat and Chilcoot inlets, the whole giving the only waterway from the 
Pacific into the north of British Columbia and that portion of Canada north of 
lat. 60°. 
The author in the paper gives an account of the excellent climate and the vast 
resources of that part of Western Canada. The value of the Chinook winds and 
the ‘Kuro Siwa’ or Japanese current in modifying the ccast and the Canadian 
prairies was indicated. 
The paper sets forth that all matters relating to what is called the disputed 
territory are being handled by the two governments in the most friendly spirit. 
Reference was made to the inadequate nature of the British school maps and 
geographies in relation to Western and Central Canada, and the speaker affirmed 
that this central and western part of the Dominion will yet contain scores of 
millions of loyal British people. 
5. Some Remarks on Dr. Nansen and the Results of his Recent Arctic 
Expedition. By J. Scorr KEtriz. 
6. An Apparatus to Illustrate Map Projections. 
By Anprew J. Hersertson, /.AS.L., FR.GS. 
Every teacher of geography experiences a difficuity in trying to give his pupils a 
vivid idea of the various map projections. This is in part overcome by using a 
candle and a skeleton hemisphere formed of a wire network of meridians and paral- 
lels, and, if possible, with an outline of the continents, such as the author has 
recently devised, and Messrs. Philip make, By altering the position of the lighted’ 
candle, different projections of the network can be thrown on a flat screen, and the 
pupils can see the different distortions of the network that result for themselves, 
By using half a cylinder or half a cone, various cylindrical and conical projections 
can be illustrated in the same graphic way. 
7. A New Population Map of the South Wales Coal District. 
By B. V. Darpisuire, M.A, 
The population maps one sees in atlases are mostly on a comparatively small 
scale, and of course are much generalised. The usual method is to show by different 
depth of colouring the approximate number of inhabitants to the square mile. 
This, of course, is the only method possible when large areas are under considera- 
tion. In representing the distribution of population within a small area we shall 
be able to do without generalisation, and to deal with, and to show on our map, 
the actual facts on which the generalisations for larger areas should be based, 
