924 REPORT—1896. 
4, The Dolmens of Brittany. By Professor W. A. Herpman, 7.2.S., 
and Professor W. Boyp Dawkins, ’.2.S. 
5. The Sculptured Stones of Scotland. By Miss C. Mactacan. 
The followizg classes of sculptured stones were described in outline :— 
1. § Cup and Ring’ markings: engraved probably with stone tools in the later 
Stone Age on ice-worn and other rock surfaces; common in the Cheviot Hills ; 
occasionally found inside Brochs ; not confined to Scotland. The authoress believes 
that they were used for purposes of divination. 
2. Symbolic or Hieroglyphic sculpture: worked with metal tools; peculiar to 
Scotland. 
3. Ogham inscriptions: the earliest indigenous alphabetic script. 
4, Runic inscriptions: the characters of which are modified from the Roman 
alphabet. 
5. Christian monumental art: represented by the schools of St. Minian, of 
Iona, of Arbroath, of St. Andrews, and of Fearn Abbey. In the East its rise is 
evadual; the stones are large, upright, carved on both sides, one of which has 
always a cruciform scheme. Ships are not represented, but riding, hunting, and 
frequently fighting with crossbows and spears. ‘There are no inscriptions, but 
symbolic devices occur. In the West the sword is more frequent than the cross, 
and the latter is always small. Ships and short inscriptions are frequent, but 
symbols are absent.’ 
6. The ‘ Brochs’ of Scotland (with Model). By Miss C. Mactacan. 
The ‘ Brochs’ are buildings of rough masonry, with a circular enclosure open 
to the sky, and sometimes surrounded by a portico akout 8 feet from the ground. 
The height varies from 30 feet to 45 feet, and the diameter in proportion. The 
encircling wall, which is often built hollow, is from 9 feet to 20 feet thick. The 
entrance is by a doorway in the outer wall, closed by a massive doorstone never 
more than 2} feet wide, and therefore not intended to admit long-horned cattle, as 
has been supposed. The door is secured by a stone bolt, and could not be opened 
or closed from without; therefore the brochs cannot be sepulchres. Secondary 
chambers in the thickness of the wall, reached by a spiral staircase similarly con- 
structed, and opening by windows into the inner court, seem to indicate that the 
brochs were fortified dwellings. There is sometimes a doorkeeper’s chamber below, 
and often a look-out opening in the top of the wall. These structures are often 
surrounded by a fortified enclosure of large stones set vertically, which have been 
mistaken for ‘ Druidic’ circles. 
7. Ancient Measures in Prehistoric Monuments.” 
By A. L. Lewis, £.C.A., Treasurer, Anthropological Institute. 
The author, having analysed the measurements of the ruins in Mashonaland 
given by Messrs. Bent and Swan, and the indications of sun and star worship or 
observance contained in them, finds many instances of peculiarities of position and 
1 300 sheets of rubbings, by Miss Maclagan, are in the MS. Department of the 
British Museum. 
2 Lewis, Proc. Soc. Antiq., April 28, 1892; Journ. Anthr. Inst., Aug. 1895; Proc. 
Shropshire Archaeol. Suc., 1892; Jown. Roy. Inst. Cornwall, 1896; Nature, June 9, 
1892; W. M. Flinders Petrie, Znductive Metrology, London, 1877; J. T. Bent, The 
Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, London, 1893 ; R. W. M. Swan, The Orientation and 
Mensuration of the Zimbabwe Temples (in the last-named work); ‘Some Notes on 
Ruined Temples in Mashonaland,’ Journ. Anthr. Inst., August 1896; C, W. Dymond, 
‘The Megalithic Antiquities of Stanton Drew,’ 1896 (privately printed, cf. Journ. 
Brit. Arch@ol. Assoc., XXxiii., 1877, pp. 297-307). 
