930 REPORT—1896. 
earliest implements of Hissarlik and Central Europe ; though local industries soon 
arise in Central Europe, and outstrip the parent industry. 
5. The Bronze Age pottery of Cyprus is followed in fabric and ornament, and 
to some extent in forms, by the pottery of Hissarlik and Central Europe at the 
point where copper implements first appear. As this Cypriote pottery itself does 
not seem to have been exported northward, the knowledge of the fabric must have 
been introduced in connection with some other object of commerce, presumably 
with the copper. 
6. The fully-developed Copper Age in Cyprus can be dated by objects of 
Egyptian twelfth-dynasty styles ; and the beginnings of copper-working in Cyprus 
must consequently be earlier. 
7. The early existence of a trade route between south-west Asia Minor and the 
Danube valley is indicated by the catalogue of the allies of Troy in Homer’s 
liad II. The Trojan War may represent an attempt on the part of the Aigean 
thalassocracy to force a way into the Euxine, and obtain possession of the fortress 
which commanded the ferry on the older land route.1 
2. The Transition from Pure Copper to Bronze made with Tin. 
By Dr. J. H. Guapstone, /.R.S. 
This communication was supplementary to a paper read at the Meeting at 
Nottingham three years ago, and to matters published in the Proceedings of the 
Society of Biblical Archeology for March 1890, February 1892, and February 
1894. The new matter consisted mainly of the analysis of some metal tools 
obtained by the author last winter in Egypt, and of borings of implements of the 
supposed Libyan race found at Nagada, and of a dagger-lmife from Cyprus, which 
had been given him by Mr. Arthur Evans. ' 
The use of copper in Egypt can be traced from the fourth dynasty, when 
King Seneferu captured the copper and turquoise mines of the Sinaitic peninsula. 
Tools made of this metal have been found not only in Egypt, belonging to the 
fourth, sixth, and twelfth dynasties, but also in Assyria, at Lachish in Palestine, 
Hissarlik in Asia Minor, and Nagada, Attempts were made to render this copper 
harder and stronger, and that in three ways. First, the admixture of a large 
quantity of suboxide of copper, or of its formation in the process of smelting, as 
seen in adzes from Egypt and Palestine, and perhaps Nagada. Second, the 
presence of a little arsenic or antimony, as shown in many tools from Kahun 
dating from the twelfth dynasty, and from the Sinaitic mines, as shown in a com- 
munication to the French Academy by Berthelot a few weeks since. Third, the 
admixture of a little tin, as at Kahun, the Sinaitic mines, and Cyprus, perhaps not 
exceeding one per cent. When, however, the superiority of tin, as the hardening 
material, came to be acknowledged, it was added in larger quantities, and formed 
the alloy known as bronze. Such proportions as four and six per cent. occur in 
early specimens, as at Hissarlik; but subsequently about ten per cent. was usually 
employed. Tools of this composition are found not only in Egypt during the 
eighteenth dynasty, but in most countries, and for an immense variety of purposes. 
This indicates a large traffic in the metals, and probably in the manufactured 
tools themselves. The similarity of pattern observed in the instruments is also 
suggestive of the latter hypothesis. 
3. Hallstatt and the Starting-point of the Iron Age in Europe. 
Ly Professor W. Ripceway, JA. 
The origin of the Iron Age is one of the most important points in European 
archeology. Scandinavia cannot be its place of origin, for there the Iron Age 
1 Cf. Much, Kupferzeit in Europa, Wien (2nd ed.), 1893; Virchow, Zitschr. d. 
Anthr. Gesellsch. xii. p. 73 ; Naue, ‘ Die Bronzezeit auf Cypern,’ Korresp.-Blatt, 1888, 
p. 124; Myres, ‘Early Man in the Eastern Mediterranean,’ Science Progress, July 
1896. Myres & Ohnefalsch Richter, Cyprus Museum Catalogue, Oxford, 1896, 
