THE POSITION OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 379 



statistics relating to the numerous schools of Berlin. Being convinced 

 that the higher school boards are not fully acquainted with this untoward 

 state of matters, or do not properly realise its consequences, the Geo- 

 graphical Congress resolved that Dr. Fischer's paper should be sent to all 

 the high schools of Germany.' But it must be borne in mind, as Dr. H. R. 

 Mill points out in his report ('Geographical Journal,' June 1897), that 

 ' this does not mean that they [the teachers uncertificated in geography] 

 are not without a competent general knowledge of the subject, probably 

 better in all cases than that possessed by even the more intelligent 

 English teachers.' 



The conditions have not gone backwards in all German States. The 

 syllabus of geographical studies necessary to teach geography in the 

 Gymnasia of Austria and Baden are given in Appendices XXXIII. and 

 XXXIV. 



In Belgium the teacher of geography in an Ath^n^e is a doctor in 

 history and geography (Appendix XXXV.). 



In the French Lycdes, too, the teacher is usually an agr^ge in history 

 and geography. The syllabus for the agregation for 1896 is quoted in 

 Appendix XXXVI. 



3. HIGHER EDUCATION. 



Universities and University Colleges. 



England and Wales. — In the United Kingdom there is one professor 

 and two lecturers in geography. The professorship is in King's College, 

 London. There has been a reader in geography at Oxford for ten 

 years, and a lecturer at Cambridge for eight years. In the Victoria 

 University geography is taught by the geologists and economists, while 

 for five years an independent lectureship in geography existed at the 

 Owens College, which was merged in that of political economy owing 

 to lack of funds, and not lack of interest. In the other university 

 colleges of England and Wales geography is taught to training college 

 students who have not done well in that subject in the Queen's Scholar- 

 ship examination, usually by the Master of Method, and in Birmingham 

 by the Professor of Geology. 



In Cambridge geography is now a compulsory part of the Historical 

 Tripos (Appendix XXXVII.). 



After ten years' experience of geographical teaching Oxford has 

 resolved to make the readership in geography permanent, and geography 

 is recognised as an optional subject in the B.A. degree (Appendix 

 XXXVIII.). 



Victoria University now makes geography an optional subject in its 

 first (preliminary) examination for the B.A. and B.Sc. degrees. An 

 outline of the requirements of candidates will be found in Appendix 

 XXXIX. 



Scotland and Ireland. — These institutions do not recognise geography 

 as a subject of university rank, and deal with it only in their entrance 

 examinations (and in the case of St. Andrews in the L.L.A. examinations, 

 for which, however, study at a University is not required). 



In Scotland this is due to no indifierence on the part of the Scottish 

 geographers, for the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, supported by 



