THE POSITION OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 403 



B. TEAINING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS. 



XXXIII. — Excerpts from the Regulations for the Examination 

 OF Teachers in Gymnasia and Realschulen in Austria. 



For gymnasia a teacher may choose geography and history as a chief 

 subject, for Realschulen geography as minor subject. 



The programme in geography is — 



A thorough knowledge of the earth in mathematical, topographical, 

 physical, and political aspects ; a satisfactory acquaintance with European 

 countries, together with the geography of Central Europe, especially that 

 of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. 



The examinee must have made himself acquainted with the statistics 

 of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in relationship to other lands. 



The present positions, conditions, and routes of international 

 commerce must be thoroughly known. 



The examinee must show readiness and certainty in every sort of 

 graphic representation used in instruction. 



XXXIV. — Excerpts from the Regulations for the Examina- 

 tion OF Teachers in Middle Schools in the Grand Duchy op 

 Baden. 



Candidates must have been at a German gymnasium or Realgym- 

 nasium (for certain candidates), and three years at a German University. 



There are three grades of examination, 3, 2, and 1. Those passing in 

 the third grade can teach in the Sixth, Fifth, and Fourth Forms of gymnasia 

 and modern schools (Realanstalten) with a nine years' course ; those 

 passing in the second grade, in the Lower and Upper Third and Lower 

 Second Forms ; and those passing in the first-grade, in the Upper Second 

 and the Lower and Upper First Forms. 



Only those who receive a first-class certificate in the first grade can 

 teach in all classes. 



Two major and two minor subjects must be chosen, and two major 

 and one minor subject must belong to the group of Languages and History, 

 or else to the group of Mathematics and Science. Geography is an 

 exception, and may be reckoned as a major subject in either group. 

 Geography must be a minor subject if history is a major subject. 



The programmes in Geography are as follows : — 



1 . For the certificate in Geography for the loiver classes (third grade) 

 the candidate must show evidence of an elementary but sound knowledge 

 of mathematical, physical, and more particularly of topographical and 

 political geography ; he must also be able to illustrate the most im- 

 portant facts of mathematical geography with simple apparatus. 



2. To obtain the certificate for the middle classes {second grade) the 

 candidate must possess a more thorough knowledge of the above-men- 

 tioned branches of geography, also an acquaintance with the history of 

 discovery, and with the historically most important highways of the 

 world's commerce. 



3. The candidate for a certificate to teach in the highest classes {first 

 grade) must be thoroughly familiar with the principles of mathematical 

 geography, so far as these are founded on elementary mathematics, and 



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