406 REPORT— 1897. 



ing up and destroying — Organic Action — The Phenomena resulting from 

 Earth-heat — Volcanoes — Earthquakes — Elevation and Depression of 

 Land — Mountain-making and Valley-carving — Hot Springs. 



2. The Distribution of Land and Water. 



3. The Distribution of the Mammalia and their evidence as to geo- 

 graphical changes. 



4. The Distribution of Man and his Advance in Culture. 



5. The Earth in relation to the Heavenly Bodies. 



6. The Physical History of Britain. 



STLLABTJS IN POLITICAL AND COMMEECIAL GEOGEAPHr. 



The construction of Maps. 



The influence of natural conditions on industry and commerce. 



The Commercial Highways of the World. 



The growth of the British Empire. Various forms of Government 

 within the Empire : the chief commercial centres and principal products : 

 the trade of the Empire. 



The United Kingdom : its population, Government, industries, com- 

 merce, &c. 



XL. — Excerpts prom Communications received from Professor 

 Penck, of Vienna, on the Position op Geography in Austrian 

 Universities. 



' In the regulations for University examinations the word geography is 

 scarcely mentioned, and the syllabus in it is of the most general descrip- 

 tion. That, however, lies in the nature of German University organisa- 

 tion. The examiner has the right to specify the range of subject in which 

 he will examine, and thus he promotes individualisation. He can ask 

 more from the more talented and less from the less brilliant students ; 

 can go into details in the case of specialists, &c. The University examina- 

 tions are not meant to test the whole extent of the candidate's knowledge, 

 but to prove its depth and thoroughness. , . . 



'The candidate for a degree in an Austrian University has two 

 examinations to pass, the minor one in Philosophy, the major one in two 

 subjects in one of which he must submit a thesis. If the subject of his 

 thesis be geographical, then he is examined in Geography, and another 

 science, ^ such as Geology, Meteorology, Physics, Chemistry, or History. 

 The choice is great.' 



XLI. — The Position of Geography in Belgian Universities. 



The entrance certificate involves having studied geography thoroughly 

 at school for six years. 



Thereafter it enters into the work of candidates for the following 

 degrees : — 



1. Candidat en Philosophie et Leitres. Preliminary to doctorate in 

 these subjects. Exercises in History and Geography. 



2. Docteur en Fhilosoj)hie et Lettres. Geography and History of 

 Geography. 



3. Candidat en Sciences Naturelles. Elementary notions of Physical 

 Geography. 



4. Docteur en Sciences Naturelles. Por group Sciences Min^rales. 

 Physical Geography. 



