TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION I. 813 



relations represented by the respiratory-height and the strength-height coefficient 

 respectively, and indicates at once whether a person's respiratory development is 

 properly proportioned to his motor development. 



The same data from which these several coefficients are deduced afford oppor- 

 tunity for the formulation of a coefficient relating to any individual group of 

 muscles. 



The extended study of the strength of various muscular groups by comparison 

 with each other and with the strength of the body as a whole, or of distinct sec- 

 tions of the body, has developed numerous interesting relations. In this compara- 

 tive study chief attention has been given to the following points : — 



1. The relative strength of each group of the muscles, and of each division of 

 the body, and also of the total muscular strength, as compared with the average 

 weight of the body. 



2. The strength of each group of muscles, of the muscles of each of the principal 

 divisions of the body, and' of the total strength of the body compared with the 

 average height in inches. 



3. The strength of each group of muscles, and of the muscles of each of the 

 principal divisions of the body, as compared with the total strength. 



4. The strength of each group of muscles (right and left together) as compared 

 with the strength of the corresponding division of the body. 



5. The strength of the muscles of the left side of the body as compared with 

 those of the right side of the body. 



6. The strength of each group of muscles, of the muscles of each division of 

 the body, and the total strength in women as compared with the same in men. 



7. The strength of each group of muscles as compared with the antagonising 

 group. 



8. The strength of the muscles of the arms as compared with the homologous 

 or corresponding muscles of the legs. 



9. A study of the muscular strength of men as compared with that of women 

 of the same height. 



10. A study of the muscular strength in short men and short women as com- 

 pared respectively with that of tall men and tall women. 



FRIDAY, AUGUST 20. 

 The following Papers and Report were read : — 

 1. The Output of the Mammalian Heart, By Dr. G. N. Stewart. 



We possess at present very few data for the determination of the amount oi 

 blood thrown out by the left ventricle at each beat. The direct estimation of this 

 important physiological quantity by the introduction of a ' Stromuhr ' in the 

 undivided aorta (according to the method of Tigerstedt, in the rabbit), or by the 

 insertion of a measuring cylinder in the course of the lesser circulation, after the 

 great systemic vessels have been tied (as Stolnikow has done in the dog), is not 

 only beset with experimental difficulties, but the results obtained under conditions 

 fio highly artificial can hardly be applied with any confidence to the problems of 

 the normal and unobstructed blood-flow. The author of this paper has, accordingly, 

 re-examined the question by means of a new method, and by its aid has measured 

 the output of the heart in a series of dogs, more than twenty in number, and 

 ranging in weight from 5 to nearly 35 kilograms. 



Method. — A solution of a substance which can be easily recognised and quanti- 

 tatively estimated iu the blood (1"5 or 2 per cent, sodium chloride) is allowed to 

 flow for a measured time, not greater than the circulation time (usually 10-15 sec.) 

 into the heart. The solution is delivered from a burette connected either with a 

 catheter passed through the jugular vein down nearly to the right auricle (or into 



