GoosANDER. NATATORES. MERGUS. 377 
a distinct species, under the title of Mergus castor ; even 
our acute countryman Montracv seems to have adhered to 
this opinion, and was unwilling to admit the conclusive de- 
ductions of Mr Stmmonps, drawn from minute anatomical 
examination, which clearly proved their identity. This is 
now, however, well established, and supported by the con- 
current authority of Temmincx, Witson, FLemine, Xc. ; 
in addition to which I may be allowed to add, that I have 
dissected several specimens in the plumage of M. castor, 
which proved to be males, possessing, in the form of the la- 
byrinth and the two tracheal enlargements, the precise orga- 
nization of the Goosander. I have also obtained individuals 
in the intermediate state of plumage, or when they had be- 
gun to acquire the characteristic markings of the adult 
‘bird. The trachea, which measures uearly a foot in length, 
becomes greatly enlarged about two inches below the larynx ; 
and this dilatation (which is composed of alternating rings, 
and much flattened) is upwards of two inches and a half 
long. Below this, the tube is very much contracted, and. 
nearly circular for more than an inch, when it again becomes 
enlarged, but not to the former extent ; after which it gra- 
dually contracts, till its entrance into the lower larynx or la- 
byrinth. This part consists of an orca, or enlargement of 
the bony rings, and a large ear-shaped tympanum, exhibiting 
three flattened surfaces, each covered with a fine parchment- 
like membrane. he bronchi are distant from each other, the 
one proceeding from the outer and lower part of the orca, the 
other from the lower and central portion of the tympanum. 
The Goosander is a bird of wild disposition, and very wary 
habits, and from its dexterity and quickness in diving very 
difficult to be shot. The flesh, from the fishy character of 
its food, is ill-flavoured and oily. 
Prate 57. represents the adult Male and the Female of the 
natural size. 
