MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEPIDOPTEEA. 179 



Fig. 25. Female. Enlarged ventral view of the termination of the abdomen. 7, 8, opposite the 

 corresponding pleura ; sp., the seventh spiracles ; x , folds in the pleural membrane, probably 

 indicating the posterior limit of the eighth pleura, the remaining and posterior portion of the 

 membrane belonging to the ninth aud tenth segments, t.a.p., terminal papilla of the abdomen, 

 which is covered with hairs and has a ventral furrow in which open the odoriferous glands 

 anteriorly, the azygos oviduct in the middle, and the anus posteriorly. The major part of the 

 eighth sternum is thickened and is confluent with the seventh. Its thickened portion has a 

 ventral longitudinal groove lodging anteriorly a transparent elliptical body, which protects the 

 entrance to the duct of the bursa copulatrix, indicated by the letters a.b.c. Compare fig. 20 

 on PI. XV. Obj. a* at 5, oc. 2, Zeiss, draw-tube full out. 



Fig. 26. A small portion of the seventh pupal spiracle to show the spinose eminences guarding the 

 aperture ; spines and eminences are alike absent in the eighth spiracle. Obj. D, oc. 2, Zeiss, 

 draw -tube full out. 



Fig. 27. Horizontal section through the pupal seventh spiracle and commencement of the trachea, to 

 show the continuously open lumen. Obj. D, oc. 2, Zeiss, draw-tube in. 



Fig. 28. A similar section from the eighth pupal spiracle to show the smooth-walled entrance, collapsed 

 lumen, and blind ending of the trachea. Obj. D, oc. 2, Zeiss, draw-tube in. 



The three foregoing preparations were made from a cast pupal cuticle. 



F'ig. 29. The ventral and ventro-lateral internal aspect of the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, with 

 part of the sixth and tenth segments, of a full-grown active and feeding caterpillar. The 

 overlying portions of the fat-body have been completely removed in dissection. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 

 the last five segments of the abdomen. The dotted lines indicate the intersegmental divisions. 

 The figures 6, 7, 8 are placed opposite the bundles of trachea? originating from the spiracles of 

 the corresponding segments. A longitudinal trachea connects the spiracles together, v. I., 

 ventro-lateral longitudinal bundles of muscles present in all the segments, but very thin and 

 somewhat spread out and scattered in the tenth, v., ventral longitudinal muscle-band, 

 similarly present. Various oblique aud transverse muscles are seen at a lower level, n.c, the 

 ganglion of the sixth abdominal segment, from which longitudinal commissures pass backwards 

 to the terminal compound ganglion situated in the seventh segment ; nerves are given off by 

 this ganglion, of which the median pair are cut short, od., the line points to the larval paired 

 oviduct of the right side, represented by a fine white line passing backwards between the 

 tracheae originating from the seventh spiracle, to one of which it is attached by a filament. It 

 is seen to turn towards the mid-ventral line in the seventh segment, and is attached to the 

 posterior border of a transverse trachea ; it passes under the muscles and at the ventral border 

 of the ventro-lateral muscle-bands quits the trachea and takes a curved course backwards 

 beneath the ventral muscle-band. Its attachment to the hypodermis near the median line and 

 close to the posterior border of the seventh segment is shown. The left oviduct is also partly 

 displayed. The anterior paired oval vesicles are seen in the median line near the posterior 

 border of the eighth segment, and close behind them, in the ninth segment, the posterior 

 paired vesicles, to which are attached on each side a pair of laterally directed filaments, an., 

 placed opposite the anus, r.m., the band of muscle filaments which retains the rectum ; 

 anteriorly it invades the ninth segment. Obj. a*, oc. 2, Zeiss, draw-tube in. 



Fig. 30. The central portion and right half of the seventh segment of the same caterpillar. The 

 terminal nerve-ganglion, with the nerves to which it gives origin cut short, lies in the median 

 ventral line. The longitudinal inner layer of muscles is dissected away, showing the longi- 

 tudinal and oblique muscle-bands beneath them in situ. The transverse trachea and right 

 oviduct are shown as before. Obj. a*, oc. 2, Zeiss, draw-tube in. 



