MOEPHOLOGY OF THE LEPIDOPTEKOUS PUPA. 209 



Figs. 15, 16. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Aglia tau. 



Fig. 15. x 7. The last three segments of a female pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The surface- 

 sculpture is represented. The generative openings are unusually distinct and separate from 

 each other. The anterior (bursa copulatrix) occupies the entire breadth of the eighth abdo- 

 minal ; its margin is very prominent, and much resembles the appearance of the male organ. 

 The posterior opening (oviducts) similarly occupies the entire breadth of the ninth abdominal ; 

 its margin is not so distinct as that of the anterior opening. The median prolongation of the 

 tenth abdominal is short and broad. The anus (A) is placed on an oval convex area. Behind 

 this area the base of the terminal spine is separated from the anal part of the tenth abdominal 

 by a distinct furrow. The spine is rough and bristles with irregularly twisted thread-like pro- 

 cesses. Its ventral surface, seen in the figure, is characterized by a large oval concavity marked 

 by concentric lines. 



Fig. 16. x 7. The last four segments of a female pupa, seen from the right side. The functional 

 spiracle on the seventh abdominal differs from the rudimentary one upon the eighth in its 

 oblique position. All the visible functional spiracles are oblique like that shown in the figure. 

 The first thoracic is the only concealed spiracle in the pupa, for even the prothoracic is clearly 

 exposed to view. The tenth abdominal is distinctly divided into a dorsal (x') and ventral part 

 (x). The terminal spine (Sp.) is not, however, uninterruptedly continuous with the dorsal 

 part, but is separated from the latter by a furrow which extends dorsally from that which was 

 shown in the last figure, and surrounds the base of the spine. This tendency towards the 

 separation of the terminal spine from the tenth abdominal is carried further in certain 

 Geometra. 



Figs. 17-19. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Uropteryx sambncata. 



Fig. 17. x2. The last five segments of a female pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The traces of 

 larval claspers are distinct upon the sixth abdominal. The morphology of the ventral area of 

 the last three segments is confused by dark markings, and is better studied in the next 

 figure. 



Fig. 18. x 9. The last three segments of the same pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The two 

 generative openings are fused externally (compare the next figure), but the boundary between 

 the eighth and ninth abdominal corresponds to the division between them. The base of the 

 median prolongation from the tenth abdominal is marked by a triangular patch of dark pig- 

 ment. The anus (A) is distinct ; the terminal spines somewhat resemble those of Melanippe 

 fiuctuata (compare fig. 21). 



Fig. 19. x 50. The ventral area of the ninth and adjacent parts of the eighth and tenth abdominal 

 segments of the same pupa, as seen from within, from above, and the left side. The fused 

 generative openings are seen to be invaginated to a considerable depth in the form of a long 

 compressed ridge. The ridge is distinctly divided by a furrow continuous with the boundary 

 between the eighth and ninth abdominal, indicating its essentially double nature. The relation 

 of the posterior part of the ridge (the part which receives the oviducts) to the boundary between 

 the ninth and tenth abdominal and to the median line along the latter seems to support the 

 opinion that the posterior generative opening is associated with the median prolongation of the 

 tenth abdominal. 



Fig. 20. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Amphidasis betularia. 



Fig. 20. x o^S. The last seven segments of a male pupa, seen from the right side. The dark bands 

 on the posterior part of the fourth, fifth, and sixth abdominals indicate a peculiar texture 



