Wild Beasts and their Ways 135 
are cracks or undulations in the lamwin@e of the horns 
which suggest imperfect remains of former ridges. It 
is permissible to assume that when the parent form of 
the modern Bovide differentiated itself from the stock 
that equally gave rise to the deer and the giraffes, the 
triangular horny sheaths of its bony skull prominences 
erew at first in an undulating manner, leaving these 
circular or semi-circular projections which among the 
antelopes retain so marked a character. Here and 
there amongst the antelopes, however (as in the case 
of the gnu and of certain sheep and goats), the 
regular annulations have almost disappeared, either by 
fusing into continuous longitudinal ridges or smoothing 
down into slight undulations. Photo. by W. F. Ga Regents Park. 
The so-called antelopes at the present day (on BAY DURER, 
the lines of this classification) consist of two totally 
distinct stocks. There are the Antelopes proper, which also include as their near 
relations the Goats and sheep, the Capricorns or Mountain Antelopes (which are the 
ancestral forms of the goats and sheep), and, perhaps, the Musk ox, which may be an 
aberrant capricorn; and the Tragelaphs (eland, kudu, etc.), a group of almost independent 
value which exhibits, perhaps, more primitive characteristics than any other existing 
bovines, and the nearest affinities of which are with the oxen. 
It would widen the scope of this paper far too much to attempt to describe here 
the goats and sheep and the capricorns. The two first have been quite sutticiently 
well illustrated in numerous works on zoology. Much less is known about the 
capricorns, especially as regards their soft parts. 
The so-called ‘“antelopes,’ therefore, will alone be illustrated in this ~ article. 
Their classification may be set forth as follows :— 
Gazelle group—Il. Cephalophine (duikers, four-horned antelope). 
2. Neotraginee (dwarf antelopes, oribis, klipspringers and dik-diks). 
3. Gazelline (gazelles; perhaps also saiga and chiru, Indian 
blackbuck, pallah [?]). 
4. Cervicaprine (waterbucks, reedbucks, etc.), from which springs 
perhaps— 
5. Hippotraginee (sable and roan antelopes, addax and oryx). 
6. Bubalidinz (hartebeests, topis, and gnus). 
Tragelaphine group—l. Boselaphine (nilgai). 
2. Tragelaphine (eland, kudu, inyalas, bushbucks). 
Those who are sufficiently interested in tracing out the descent of these groups 
and their inter-relations would find in my work on Biatish Central Africa, on page 310, 
an attempt to express my own conclusions in a diagram. 
Of all existing gazellime forms the most primitive, perhaps, are the Cephalophines. 
These are represented at the present day by about twenty-two species in Africa of the 
genus Cephalophus, and by the allied four-horned antelope of India, a remarkable genus in 
which the male develops a second pair of horns nearly exactly over the eyes.* 
The cephalophines of Africa are once more divided into two groups. In the one, 
which constitutes the majority of the species, the horns (which are often present in the 
* This duplication of the horns in the Bovide not infrequently occurs as a sport perpetuated by domestication 
in the Sheep. Among the Giraffes, which—as regards the horns alone—represent perhaps the most primitive 
type of Pecorine, bony prominences may be duplicated or may arise as a single central boss in addition to the 
original pair. 
