Wild Beasts and Their Ways 107 
antelope. The ears are white, very large and broad. The upper part of the face across 
the eyes is broad as compared to the pinched muzzle and nose. The animal in standing 
poises itself on the edges of the short, rounded hoofs, recalling a similar peculiarity in 
the khipspringer. The structure of the face-bones suggests affinity with the dik-diks, and 
the horns are erect, straight, and not very long, like those of the steinboks (Raphicerus): 
We now come to the consideration of a somewhat isolated type of antelope of 
puzzling affinities—the Pallah (#pyceros). This beautiful creature, which is found 
in two forms all over the southern half of Africa, from the Heyptian Sudan and 
Lake Chad regions to South Africa, bears, in the male only, horns which rising almost 
perpendicularly from the top of the skull bend boldly backwards and then curve upwards 
once more towards the tips. The horns are remarkable for the exaggerated bosses or 
rings which, with the exception perhaps of certain goats, are more ruggedly developed in 
the pallah than in any other antelope. In its horns the pallah offers a strong resem- 
blance to the Bubaline group; indeed, judging from horns alone (as will be seen by my 
illustration “Heads and Horns”),* the bubalines might well be derived from some pallah- 
like type, passing through such inter- 
mediate forms as Hunter’s Topi and 
Swayne’s Hartebeest (which again in 
its horns shows affinities to the Gnus). 
The pallah has lost the false hoofs 
which are present in the bubalines, 
and the anteorbital glands (‘‘tear-bags’’), 
which, though small, nevertheless exist 
in the hartebeests and gnus, and it 
has only two mamme, whereas four 
mamme are present in the gnus, and 
must therefore have been in existence 
in the primitive bubaline stock. It 
would be quite possible to derive the 
pallah from a Ceryicaprine type. The 
present writer is inclined to dispute 
its near connection with the Gazelles, een 
and to place it in a group by itself ~ 
as the modified descendant of some Drawing by Author. \ 
development of cervicaprine antelope, 
which in other directions gave rise to the gnus and hartebeests. 
The Cervicaprines are a group of antelopes wholly African in its distribution at the 
present day. hey include—if one is to leave out the pallah—the Reedbucks and Water- 
bucks, the three genera Pelea, Cervicapra, and Cobus. The Cervicaprines may well have 
arisen from some primitive Neotragine or Cephalophine type which retained its gall- 
bladder, four mamme, a long tail, and false hoofs. Curiously enough, however, the 
whole group of Cervicaprines, like the pallah, has lost entirely the anteorbital glands 
or “tear-bag,’ which is a characteristic of so many antelopes and deer. This to a 
certain extent militates against their being the basal stock from which the hartebeests 
have descended; though, of course, it is always possible that some lateral form of 
Cervicaprine may have continued to retain these glands and have been the parent form 
alike of the pallah and the bubalines. It would be, for instance, very interesting if a 
further examination of the Rhebok (Pelea) of South Africa revealed any traces of 
anteorbital glands, as with its very naked muzzle and its nearly straight (though 
shghtly recurved) horns, the rhebok suggests marked resemblances to the Oribis 
MRS. GRAY’S 
WATERBUCK. 
AY 
WwW \ a 
* This will appear with Part III. in the next number of ANmAL Lirn. 
