Wild Beasts and Their Ways 211 
to the verge of the Congo Forest, and up through German and British Hast Africa to 
Somaliland and the southern and western parts of Abyssinia. They have never been 
reported from countries to the west of the Victoria Nyanza or to the west of the White 
Nile. In Somaliland, and thence southwards to the River Tana and westwards to the 
vicinity of Lake Barmgo, is found the Dwarf kudu (S. imberbis), which differs but 
slightly from other species, except that it is scarcely more than half the size. It would 
seem almost to be a local variant of the kudu rather than an ancestral type. Amongst 
the other tragelaphs the nearest relation to the kudu apparently is the broad-horned 
tragelaph (7. ewryceros). 
The elands (Laurotragus) would also seem to be a special development of the kudu 
type in which the horns have become thickened and concentrated while retaining almost 
the same number of turns. Curiously enough, the eland has been unconsciously aiming 
at getting out of the spiral-horned condition, and the general effect of its horns at a 
distance is to suggest their being perfectly straight and carried backwards in a continuous 
line with the profile of the nose. In the Derbian eland (2. derbianus), which is a 
forest-haunting animal, and found in the forests of West Africa from the eastern 
boundaries of the Congo Free State to Sierra Leone, the horns attain considerable 
length by an extra growth of the terminal, untwisted 
portions. In this animal also the tips of the horns 
diverge considerably from one another, whereas in 
Livingstone’s eland of South-Central Africa the tips tend 
to converge. The eland differs from all the other 
tragelaphs in that both male and female carry horns,* 
the horns of the female being naturally much more 
slender than those of the male, though even longer. 
The South African eland, when adult, tends to lose 
entirely all tragelaphine white markings, though they 
reappear in the young and are sometimes retained by 
the adult female. The body colour of the adult male 
South African eland becomes in general an ash or 
~_bluish-grey, with a black bar across the forearm. There 
“—= is a considerable development of coarse, bristly haw in 
a brush down the ridge of the nose. The ears of the 
eland are longer, narrower, and finer than in the rest 
of the tragelaphs. The development of dewlap is sometimes excessive, and the dewlap 
is often furnished with a coarse and partial throat-mane. The tail is long and tufted 
like the tail of an ox. In Luvingstone’s eland, which is only a sub-species of the 
South African form, the colour of the adult males is often a reddish-buff or pale 
brown, and the white stripes are generally retained throughout life in the adult animals. 
Under these conditions the eland is seen to be striped very much like the kudu, and 
to have no white spots on the body, only on the cheeks. The Derbian eland is a 
distinct species, which is very black and very hairy about the head, neck, and fore 
quarters, and yellowish-brown (with some white) about the rest of the body, and very 
distinctly striped. It is, perhaps, the biggest of the elands and the tragelaphs, and is 
equal in size to a large ox. 
Some of the more striking genera of modern antelopes appear to have been 
represented by allied forms hundreds of thousands of years ago in India, Persia, Asia 
Minor, and Southern Europe. Gazelles were found in England, and many forms of 
them were met with in Southern France and Greece. A creature closely resembling 
Photograph by York & Sons. 
THE ANOA BUFFALO (Bos depressicomis). 
* Though Mr. H. H. Baker has since reported the existence of horns in the female kudus of the Baringo 
District, East Africa. 
