62 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
and they fly together, the times of emergence differing, according 
to the latitude or altitude. 
I well remember in one of my walks across the Great St. Bernard 
Pass, when we had got well down towards Aosta, a sight I shall never 
forget, field after field of hay in all their superb “ richesse ” of flowers, 
and almost every head of flowers covered with one or more specimens 
of Zygaena—five-spotted and six-spotted forms freely copulating. The 
day was brilliant and the heat great—a perfect day to wanton and 
indulge in all one’s lazy whims and fancies. My father-in-law and I 
spent hours amongst those fields taking notes and specimens, and we 
both came to the conclusion that any species of Zygacna found no 
difficulty in copulating with any other species. Whether the ova would 
prove fertile is another question, but the fact remains that such species 
of Z. filipendulae and Z. purpuralis (minos as we used to call it in those 
days) were found in copula. 
Further examination and more experience of the genitalia convince 
me that there is no structural reason why different species should not 
copulate with each other, the only thing that is needed is a super- 
abundance of specimens such as I witnessed in the Aosta Valley, when 
apparently as soon as a female emerged and had got over the flaccid or 
limp condition that obtains immediately on emergence, it is merely 
a case of which male species arrives first. 
In this genus also I have no doubt that the males copulate more 
than once, for to quote one instance only, Zygaena carniolica var. 
heydisart, at Alvaneu Bad, where I found more than one case of a 
male, that was almost denuded of scales, copulating with quite fresh 
females. 
But to return to the species in question, the whole genitalia show 
decided differences in shape, and I have no doubt that Z. filipendulae, 
Z. lonicerae, Z. trifolii, and Z. stoechadis are different species. I am 
now having photographs made of my preparations of the genitalia, 
and at a later date I will illustrate the differences in this magazine and 
thus confirm my observations. 
Collecting in various places (1914-1917). 
By Cart. P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 
The following notes re collecting at certain places, some of which 
are not too well known to naturalists, may be of interest to readers of 
the Hntomologist’s Record. 
After escaping from Constantinople I spent three or four days at 
Dedeaghatch, in ‘“‘ Western Thrace,” which I finally left on November 
3rd, 1914. The country round Dedeaghatch looked promising, but it 
was too late in the year and too wet to expect any diurnals and a 
damaged Pararge megera with a few Pyrameis cardut, seen during a fine 
spell, were all the butterflies I observed. I have already described my 
experiences in Egypt in November, 1914, and thence till March, 1915. 
At the end of March, 1915, I repaired to Athens for Tenedos, where I 
spent four days. 
Tenedos, March 28th-April 1st, 1915.—The bareness of the island, 
which is windy, boasts singularly few trees, and must be very much 
dried up in summer, did not lead me to expect many captures, but 
during the four days I spent there I saw a number of insects, all, or 
