THE GENUS HESPERIA. 161 
The Genus Hesperia. (Wath three plates.) 
By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.R.S. 
(Continued from p. 145.) 
Nearest to the cacaliae group which we have just been considering 
comes the alveus group of Dr. Reverdin, which he places first of the 
eroups into which he divides the genus. It is characterised as distin- 
euished from the cacaliae group by the possession of “lateral apophyses”’ 
to the 10th segment. In this respect it is not easily distinguishable 
from the malvae group. Dr. Reverdin’s alveus group is divided by him 
into five sections, according to the author who described the species ; 
convenient no doubt from a literary standpoint. The more‘natural 
srouping, however, is into the alvews group proper, characterised by the 
great expansion of the end of the valve (cwiller) which no other group 
in the genus shows, and the serratulae group with this structure of 
more ordinary development. The malvae group is very close to, perhaps 
hardly separable from, the servatulae group. Cynarae is somewhat in- 
termediate, the spoon (cwiller) being more than usually developed, but 
hardly approaching the dimensions of the alvews group proper. The 
serratulae group consists of serratulae, Rbr., carlinae, Rbr., fritilium, 
Schiff. (cirsit, Rbr.), and onopordi, Rbr. 
These species may be readily distinguished by the lateral apophyses 
of the 10th abdominal segment (in the 3). 1. Serratulae has the 
extremity of these somewhat rounded and covered with spines, not un- 
like a hedgehog. 2 and 8. Carlinae and fritillum are very much alike. 
Carlinae has the spinous end of irregular form, rather slender, and the 
spines few and irregular in size. Mritillwn (cirsii) has this portion 
broader, usually the ventral margin is straight and without spines, the 
dorsal margin is curved and has a regular row of spines, often finely 
graduated in size from the largest at the end, the smallest at the base. 
These details are well seen in pl. xi., where figs. 2 and 3 are very 
typical of fritillwm, the lateral view of the apophyses in these having 
an outline very like the sole of a foot with a series of toes. Fig. 1 
shows a similar form, but looking rather like a hand than a foot. Figs. 
5 and 6 of carlinae show its more irregular structure, with a spine on 
the inner margin. In both species there is a good deal of variation, 
but each retains its own characteristics sufficiently not to be mis- 
taken for the other. The cedeagus is also wider in carlinae, and there 
are other slight differences. 4. The fourth species is onopordi, which 
has two spined processes on the apophysis. 
In the Bulletin of the Geneva Society, vol. ii., p. 159, Dr. Reverdin 
gives in detail the characters of these species, apart from the appendages. 
Dr. Reverdin’s brief diagnosis of serratulae notes the uniformity of 
the ground colour beneath, the spots well-defined, but without any © 
border and not at all pearly. Specimens of serratulae may easily be 
confounded with small carthami, but the latter has the ground colour 
not uniform, and the spots have slight borders of darker tint. 
It seems to be spread over the greater part of Hurope, but not very 
far north; it inhabits high and low levels. I have taken it at Le 
Lautaret, and have specimens from Cettinje, the Lebanon, etc. 
To what species are we to attach the name fritillum ? Dr. Reverdin 
calls attention to the fact that Schiffermiuller first used the name, and 
referred to a figure by Roesel (Tome 1, Tab. 10, Fig. 7). Roesel’s 
Ocrozer 15TH, 1918. ‘ 
