12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 65 



the fact that the enamel is absent from the antero-internal corner of 

 m! in the recent specimen). Their size is greater in proportion to 

 that of the jaw than in any recent material that I have seen. From 

 modern African specimens of Pan the Piltdown jaw differs there- 

 fore in mere details of proportion and in the actual size of the 

 molar teeth. 



The canine tooth found in the Piltdown gravel did not form part of 

 the remains on which the genus " E ant hr opus" was based. Yet 

 its interest is so great that it deserves special attention. Of this 

 tooth Dr. Woodward says : it " obviously belongs to the right side 

 of the mandible .... and its worn face shows that it worked with 

 the upper canine in true ape fashion" (1913 : Nature, p. 110, Geol. 

 Mag., p. 432), while Dr. Gregory remarks : " Its resemblances are on 

 the whole closer to the left upper canine." Boule (1915), however, 

 leaves the tooth in the lower jaw without comment. As " the enamel 

 on the inner face of the crown has been completely removed by 

 mastication" (Dawson and Woodward, 1914, p. 87) and the worn 

 area is a wide, shallow concavity directly backward and inward, there 

 is no reason to doubt the correctness of the second view. Such 

 mechanical interrelation of the teeth as would produce a worn sur- 

 face of this kind on a lower canine is not only unknown among 

 primates, but I have been unable to find any mammal with the upper 

 and lower teeth so arranged that it could exist. A concavity on the 

 inner aspect of the lower canine may be present, as in adult Propi- 

 thecus or in the milk tooth of Homo, but not as the result of gouging 

 out by an upper tooth. The fact that its concave surface is worn there- 

 fore removes all significance (Dawson and Woodward, 1914, p. 91 ; 

 Woodward, 191 5, p. 23) from the superficial resemblance of the Pilt- 

 down tooth to the lower milk canine of man. In all the living great 

 apes the postero-internal surface of the lower canine is convex (see 

 pi. 4, and Woodward, 191 5, fig. 8A as compared with fig. 8B). 

 The worn area normally appears first at the summit of the tooth, then 

 extends down the postero-internal limb of the convexity; later it may 

 spread to the antero-internal surface, and in aged individuals may 

 reduce the tooth to a flattened stub. No matter how long a lower 

 canine may have been in use it never assumes the form seen in that 

 of " Eoanthropus," nor does it lose all trace of the original convexity 

 of its inner portion. The upper canines, on the other hand, are nor- 

 mally worn away over exactly the same area as in the Piltdown tooth. 

 Among the living great apes, while there is much individual variation 

 in size and form, the canines are larger and higher-crowned in males 



