NO. 12 JAW OF PILTDOWN MAN — MILLER 25 



Keith, A. The Piltdown Skull and Brain Cast. Nature, vol. 92, pp. 197-199, 

 figs. 1-3. October 16, 1913. 



Keith, Arthur. The Piltdown Skull and Brain Cast. Nature, vol. 92, p. 292. 

 November 6, 1913. 



Keith, Arthur. The Piltdown Skull and Brain Cast. Nature, vol. 92, pp. 

 345-346. November 20, 1913. 



Keith, A. [Discussion of new reconstruction of skull of Eoanthropus.l 

 Abstr. Proc. Geol. Soc. London, session 1913-14, p. 30. December 31, 

 1913. (See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 70, p. 98, April 

 25, 1914.) 



Admits difficulties in associating jaw, skull and canine as parts of 

 one individual, but regards all as representing one species : " Two other 

 difficulties he had encountered were (1) the presence of a pointed pro- 

 jecting canine in the jaw and an articular eminence at the glenoid fossa 

 of the skull; and (2) a much-worn canine tooth in a jaw in which the 

 third molar tooth — according to the published X-ray photograph of the 

 Piltdown mandible — was not completely erupted. (See Underwood, 

 December 31, 1913.) He agreed that all three parts — skull, jaw, and 

 canine tooth — must be assigned to Eoanthropus, but he was not con- 

 vinced that they could all belong to the same individual." 



Keith, A. Problems relating to the teeth of the earlier forms of pre- 

 historic man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Medicine, vol. 6, Odont. sect., pp. 103-119, 

 figs. 1-10. 1913. 



Piltdown mandible, pp. 116-119. 

 Keith, Arthur. The Significance of the Discovery at Piltdown. Bedrock, 

 vol. 2, pp. 435-453, figs. 1-3- January, 1914. 



" There is one way out of this difficulty — that suggested by Sir E. 

 Ray Lankester and urged by Professor Waterston — namely, that the 

 mandible and skull are parts of different kinds of beings ; the mandible 

 that of some unknown anthropoid, and the skull that of a primitive 

 form of man. When we seek to get out of our difficulty in this way 

 we raise others. The molar teeth in the Piltdown mandible are essen- 

 tially human in appearance ; the texture of the mandible is similar to 

 that of the skull. The markings for the temporal muscle, which acts 

 on the jaw, are different to any ever seen in a human skull and indicate 

 that the mandible should be of a peculiar character — such as has been 

 found." 

 Keith, Arthur. The reconstruction of fossil human skulls. Journ. Royal 

 Anthrop. Isnt. Gt. Brit, and Ireland, vol. 44, pp. 12-31, figs. 1-16. January- 

 June, 1914. 



Describes process of reconstructing the Piltdown skull. 

 Keith, Arthur. The Antiquity of Man. London and Philadelphia, 1915, 

 (preface dated July), pp. I-XX, 1-519, 189 figures and diagrams. 



Piltdown skull, pp. 293-511; the most elaborate discussion yet pub- 

 lished. Account of mandible with special reference to simian features, 

 pp. 430-452 (drawings reproduced in figs. 165 and 167 should be com- 

 pared with photographs in present article). Account of teeth, pp. 453- 

 457. Conclusions : " Thus in our scrutiny and reconstruction of the 

 Piltdown mandible, although we have come across many details of 

 structure which seem to suggest that it formed part of an anthropoid 

 rather than a human being, we have met with no feature which clearly 

 debars it from being placed with the skull .... our difficulties are 

 infinitely greater if we try to allocate the skull to a human being and 

 the mandible to an unknown kind of anthropoid (p. 453) .... Thus 

 in the manner in which it has become worn by use the Piltdown canine 

 differs from all known human and anthropoid [mandibular] teeth (p. 



