COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 533 



lights ; the white spots of f orewings are absent or only faintly visible : 

 variety papone, Westwood ; variety commixtus, Eothschild, was receivetl 

 from the Khasia hills and had the three series of spots on the forewing of 

 casyapa very feebly marked with two faint spots behind the cell and a 

 streak along the dorsum, white ; the discal markings often indicated by 

 white scales, or absent altogether ; the hindwing with the apical half of 

 cell, seven long discal streaks reaching the base of respective interspaces 

 and a marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, white as in dissimilis, L. 

 (From Rothschild's " Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern hemisphere, 

 exclusive of Africa.") 



There are other races : — lanlceswara, Moore, from Ceylon ; panope, L., 

 from Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Siam and the Malay Peninsula ; 

 Havolimbatus, Oberthlir, from the Andamans. All of these have a dissimilis 

 form which does not vary much ; the last (Jlavolimbatus) has only the 

 dissimilis form. 



Egff- — This is spherical, waxy looking and often somewhat uneven on the 

 surface, orange-yellow in colour and about the same size as that of P. 

 helenus. 



Larva. — (PI. 1., fig. 13). — Is somewhat of the hector type though slimmer, 

 is more or less cylindrical, thickest in the oth and 6th segments. The anal 

 flap is rather long, semi-elliptical in shape, at an angle of 45° with the 

 longitudinal axis of the larva, with the extremity polished horny-black 

 iind reaching triangularly back to the middle of the segment. The head is 

 round, flat-faced, somewhat broadly bilobed, shiny black ; the clypeus 

 semi-elliptical, apex rather pointed, centre transversely striate, large ; all 

 parts black. Segment 2 is hood-shaped, the front margin straight between 

 two truncated, cylindrical, dorsolateral, fleshy tubercles. Each segment 

 from 2 to 13 has a central, dorsolateral , fleshy, cylindrical, truncated thin- 

 nish tubercle or process ; segments 2, 3, 4 have a similar, much 

 shorter subdorsal one ; segments 3, 4, 5 have a similar and super- 

 spiracular one of the same size as the dorsolaterals ; segments 5, 6 and 12 

 have a small, red, subspiracular tubercle of about half the size of the sub- 

 dorsals of segments 3 and 4. The dorsolaterals of segment 2 are on the front 

 margin, the subdorsals are mere knobs behind these and there is an indica- 

 tion of a spiracular one, small, in front of the spiracle. The body surface is 

 dull and velvety, the tubercles and front of segment 2 as well as the head are 

 set with very short, sparse, brownish-red hairs. Spiracles oval, shiny black 

 with brownish central slits of ordinary size. Colour : velvety black or dark- 

 green with a dorsolateral row of carmine circular spots, one to each segment 

 3-11 at the base of the respective dorsolateral tubercles (on the upperside); 

 there is also a similar carmine spot at base on the upperside of the lateral 

 tubercles on segments 3-6, 8, 9 and 10 (or where the tubercle should be) ; 

 & similar subspiracular spot on segments 5-12; a cream-coloured dorsal band 



