COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 99 



white, its lower margin abruptly transverse, its base and posterior half 

 irrorated with black scales. Underside : much as in the male, but on the 

 forewing the dusky, purplish-black patch below the preapical, yellow spot 

 larger and more prominent. On the hindwing the dark, irregular, discal 

 area also more prominent. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 

 male. 



Dry-season brood. — c? . Upperside : similar to that of the male of the wet- 

 season brood, but the black area on the forewing much restricted so that 

 it occupies little more than the apical third instead of the apical half of the 

 wing. On the hindwing the terminal black edging much narrower. 

 Underside : forewing : white ; the costal margin and apex broadly dull 

 ochraceous with a yellow tint, this colour on the apex margined on its 

 inner side by an irregular dusky, blackish, subtriangular patch. Hindwing ; 

 dull ochraceous with a yellow tint as on the costa and apex of the forewing ; 

 an irregular transverse dusky discal band that does not reach the costa 

 or the dorsum, somewhat sparsely irrorated with black scales. — $ . Similar 

 to the male but darker, the black markings on both fore and hind wings on 

 the upperside similar but slightly broader ; on the underside all the mark- 

 ings paler and duller than in the male. Expanse : 52-62mm. 



This is a more or less variable insect. Ceylon specimens differ in the 

 relative width of the black markings and in the general paleness and 

 dull tint of the greenish-yellow on the underside ; these Moore has 

 separated off as cinyala. Colonel Bingham writes the above and considers 

 this species as a race of H. nadina, luucas. He also mentions S. anda- 

 mana from the Andamans, a much blacker insect than any of these, as 

 another race. 



Egg. — Spindle-shaped, truncated at base where fixed ; with 12 longi- 

 tudinal ridges, every two anastomosing before apex and ending together 

 in a single small tooth, the teeth forming a small ring round the top of 

 egg. Surface shiny. L : 1'25 mm. ; B: -30 mm. Colour light yellow mottled 

 with rosy red. 



Larva. — Cylindrical, narrowing to the anal end, very slightly to head ; 

 the anal segment ending squarely, slightly indented in centre of terminal 

 margin. Head round, very nearly the same diameter as segment 2, the 

 surface covered with some white tubercles and longish, white hairs. Sur- 

 face of body as in H. phryne ; a fringe of fine, rather long, white hairs along 

 the subspiracular and lateral ventral region ; covered all over with small, 

 white tubercles, each bearing a short hair. L. 32 mm. ; B : 4 mm. The 

 larva is very like that of S. phryne. 



Pupa.—T-iike that of H. phryne. Head quadrate, provided with a long, por- 

 rect beak, slightly down-curved ; this beak consists of two parts : one, the 

 basal, cylindrical with the end triangularly cut out from which end the top 

 piece, also cylindrical, springs and ends in a rounded extremity. The 

 front margin of segment 2 is produced forwards into a subdorsal, small point 

 on each side these points separated by a narrow sinus at base and ending 

 over base of snout. Thorax quadrate seen from above, broader than pupa at 

 segment 2, highly carinated in dorsal line and with a small tubercular point 

 on each shoulder. The dorsa of segments 6 and 7 are flat as in H. phryne 

 and dilated into a ledge that overhangs the wings and a ridge running 

 along centre of segment 7 at right angles to pupal length ends in a sharp 

 tooth in the same way, the flat portion is limited in front by the anterior 

 margin of segment 6 where the ledge is also produced out laterally into a 

 smaller, sharp tooth. Segment 4 is short and carinated in dorsal line. 

 Segment 5 is flattened on dorsum. The abdomen is carinated in dorsal 

 line behind segment 7, gradually decreases to cremaster in width and is 

 somewhat laterally compressed; the carina is toothed on segments 8, 10, 11. 



