232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII 



Felis -pardus when enduring the emotion of fear prodnced in such 

 a manner, lowers itself into a crouching posture and throws its 

 ears well back. Both these movements tend to lessen the apparent 

 bulk of the animal and as many of the lower creatures in such con- 

 ditions of danger, as would create the sensation of fear in the 

 higher ones, do diminish markedly the volume of their bodies and 

 by such diminution obtain definite protection ; it is probable that 

 these movements are instinctive tendencies inherited throughout 

 a long ancestry, but which now display little, if any, serviceable 

 manifestation. 



The head during fear is often turned in the opposite direction 

 to that from which the danger is expected to arrive. The eyes are 

 partially closed, and tightly so if the fear amounts to terror. 

 The nostrils are pinched so as to give the face a characteristic 

 expression. It is a natural instinct in the higher animals to 

 turn away the face if any special injury is directed towards 

 it and to close the eyes either partially or completely and 

 contract the nasal orifices in order to give protection to the delicate 

 organs contained within, and this instinct seems to be so highly 

 developed and so easity called into action as to occur in general 

 states of fear, even when the danger is not speciall}^ directed to the 

 sensitive organs of sight and smell. The limbs and tail are held 

 stiff and the body loses its great muscular laxity. The corners of 

 the mouth are raised, the upper lip elevated, the lower jaw depress- 

 ed, the mouth is partially opened and the canine teeth displayed. 

 The general facial expression is one of fierceness, and when a wild 

 cai'nivorous animal is in fear or terror it must undoubtedly be fierce. 



The domestic cat when terrified has been described as arching 

 its back and erecting the hair over the whole body, especially on the 

 tail, and as raising the basal portion of the tail iipright and bending 

 the terminal extremity to one side. I have never noticed this 

 attitude in Fells pardus, nor by experiment have I been able to 

 obtain anything resembling it ; and it is possible that owing to the 

 great strength of this animal it would not, in its native haunts, expe- 

 rience fear to any great extent, and would therefore not have the 

 emotion so highly developed and exhibited in a manner exactly simi- 

 lar to that seen in the weaker and domesticated creatures of its kind. 



Anger, Eage (Fig. 3. Plate A. — Anger). 



Anger and rage, so frequently associated with fear, are expressed 

 in a very similar manner. The body again crouches and, if the 

 animal is savage, may be lowered completely to the ground. The 

 trunk and limbs are rigid, the claws excerted and the tail usually 

 stiff, though it may be curled from side to side. These are charac- 

 teristics of an animal aboiit to struggle for its prey. The crouching 

 and rigidity maintain every muscle tense and ready instantaneously 

 for the spring. The claws are projected for the fatal blow. Possibly 



