STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN FELIS PARDUS 233 



no cause excites the anger of a carnivorous animal so intensely and so 

 frequently as the prospect of a coming battle and consequently those 

 characteristics, which are of direct service to an enraged animal about 

 to fight, have become so engrained into its nature as to be instinct- 

 ively associated with its anger under all conditions, even when there is 

 no suggestion of a fight. The rigidity of the tail is due to the 

 muscles of that organ acting in harmonious contraction with those 

 of the rest of the body, and. the occasional curling motion may be 

 an involuntary liberation of that great excess of miTSCular energy, 

 which must be effervescing through its bodily sj^stem. 



The angles of the mouth are elevated, the nostrils drawn together, 

 but the whole face appears less contracted and pinched than when 

 the animal is expressing true fear. The canine teeth are displayed 

 in an open mouth and when the anger amounts to rage the whole 

 row of teeth becomes clearl}^ seen. The face is directed towards the 

 object which excites the anger and the animal hisses or emits a deep 

 gutteral snarl. These marked changes of facial expression and 

 utterance of sound give to the animal a fierce and savage appearance, 

 and are therefore of service to it by causing it to strike terror into 

 the mind of the creature against which its anger is directed. I 

 have never seen the hair erected during a state of rage, nor could 

 I be certain that distinct hair movements ever occurred or were 

 definitely associated with any emotion. 



When the animal is enduring displeasure, but not amounting to 

 anger, the above expressions are made manifest to a slight degree, 

 but when the anger amounts to rage or savagery they are pro- 

 nounced in a more exaggerated manner. 



Although on analysis the emotions of fear and anger seem to be 

 very similarly expressed, j&t a comparison of the illustrations 

 immediately shows that in the former the animal appears cowed 

 into submission and ready to retreat from rather than advance to- 

 wards its enemy, while in the latter he appears to be full of anger 

 and spoiling for the fight. 



Distress (Fig. 4. Plate A. — Distress). 



Pain, though a most powerful sensation, can scarcely be con- 

 sidered as an emotion, its presence, however, gives rise to forcible 

 emotionery outbursts so tangibly associated with those of fear and 

 rage as to be incapable of separate recognition. An animal in 

 pain must be in distress and this certainly is an emotion. It must 

 also be terrified or enraged, and it is therefore not possible to de- 

 scribe any series of characteristics solely distinctive of a pained or 

 distressed animal. A leopard in pain resembles almost identically a 

 leopard in a state of anger, but the face displaj^s a distressful appear- 

 ance, and it is difficult to determine what individual muscles are 

 brought into pla}^ in the production of it. The mouth is sometimes 

 widely opened and the body may conform to almost any attitude. 



