528 JO URNAL, BOMB A 1" NA TUBAL HIST. SO CIETY , Vol. XXII. 



the basal half of the median vein of fore wing. Female very similar, the 

 sex mark of covirse absent ; the black areas on both fore and hind wing 

 slightly broader with the inner edge of the black, terminal band on the 

 hind wing often difl'use. Underside : ground-colour and markings as in the 

 male . Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen also similar. 



Dry-season brood. — Male and female^ upperside : ground-colour and mark- 

 ings much as in wet-season specimens, the emargination on the inner side 

 of the black area and the tornal dilatation on the fore wing similar ; on the 

 hind wing, in the great majority of individuals, the black, terminal band is 

 also similar, in a few it is narrower and diffuse inwardly in both sexes. 

 Underside : ground-colour similar to wet-season, but, in many specimens 

 with an irroration of black scales over the yellow parts of the wing ; the 

 reddish-brown marking on both wings also similar, but the spots are larger, 

 darker, more clearly defined and, therefore, more conspicuous. In addition, 

 on the fore wing, there is a preapical, very prominent, transverse, elongate 

 spot or short bar of reddish-brown extended downwards from the costa. 

 This spot is irregular in shape and of variable width but does not seem 

 ever to spread outwards to the actual edge of the termen. In a few 

 specimens there is also a small, reddish-brown spot in interspace 1, near the 

 tornus. Expanse : 40-55mm. 



Colonel Bingham says : — Like all wide-ranging forms, T. hecahe varies 

 enormously and consequently has received a lot of names. The descrip- 

 tions above of the imago from specimens picked to match the figure given in 

 Edwards's "Gleanings of Natural History," which, according to Professor 

 Aurivillius (" liecensio Critica Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovicse Ulricse ," 

 1882, p. 60), represents the typical form of " Bapilio hecahe ," Linne. 



Taking the varieties seriatim we have T. suava, Boisduval, T. hecaboides, 

 Menetries, T. nicobarensis, Felder, aud T. kana, Moore, all of which differ 

 so slightly from typical hecabe as to require no separate description. The 

 difference is chiefly one of the width or heaviness of the black markings on 

 the upperside. T. simulata, Moore, and T. contubernalis, Moore, are the 

 dry-season forms of these. 



He says further that meryuiana, Moore, excavata, M-oove, fral erna, Moore, 

 are the same, i.e., varieties also very slightly different from the type ; 

 purreea, M.ooTe, patruelis, M.oove, fimbriata, Wallace, narcissus,, Butler, irregu- 

 lans, Moore, asphodelus, Butler, simplex, Butler, and apicalis, Moore, only 

 differ in the width of the black terminal border of the fore-wing and the 

 shape of its inner edge. 



In Kanara a pure white specimen of hecabe was once bred with the usual 

 black bordering and other marks ; several individuals had the yellow on the 

 uppersides of the wings more or loss obscured by dark brownish suffusion. 

 Jc^gg. — Spindle-sjoaped, bluntly pointed at top, flattened at the base on 

 which it rests ; the surface with many longitudinal ribes which are, however, 

 so fine even under the lens that they appear more like striee ; there are 

 also many extremely fine, transverse strise. Colour white when laid, 

 quickly becoming yellow, somewhat shiny. L : l'25mm.; B : nearly 5mm. 

 Larva. — Body cylindrical or nearly so, narrowing very slightly in segment 

 2 and again from segment 10 to anal end ; the anal flap is sloping longly 

 semicircular, somewhat tumid. The head is more or less round, the clypeus 

 rather large, triangular, slightly depressed and somewhat shiny ; the 

 surface is minutely rough and dull, set not very closely with short, thick- 

 ened, tubercular spines which are truncated at ends, those on the vertex 

 having dark extremities, these hairs or spines brown in colour, a few 

 whitish, some with globular drops of transparent liquid on their ends ; 

 colour light green reticulated with darker green, antennte green, labrum 

 green, jaws with dark brown tips. Surface of body lined as usual transversely 



