THE BUTTERFLIES OF MUSSOORIE. 211 



It will be noted that the present paper, containing as it does the 

 names of 323 species, is much larger than any that has previously 

 appeared dealing with the butterflies of the Western Himalayas. 

 The paper is mainly based on the collection made during the last 

 eleven years by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon ; but that made by Colonel 

 A. M. Lang, R.E., in Mussoorie many years ago, has also been 

 studied. To Mr. Mackinnon is due the discovery of the transform- 

 ations of most of the species described in this paper : and it is only 

 those who have lived in tropical and sub-tropical countries who can 

 fully realise how extremely difficult it is to find the larvae and pupae 

 of auy but the very commonest butterflies, and even they in many 

 cases elude discovery for ypars. Those species which have been 

 reported from our area, and which probably occur within its 

 boundaries, but have not been seen by us from thence, have an 

 asterisk* prefixed to the names. A few species obviously erroneously 

 recorded by Kollar from Mussoorie have been omitted altogether 

 from the list. 



We are greatly indebted to Mr. J. F. Dntbie, Director, Botanical 

 Department, Northern India, for the identification of most of the 

 plants enumerated below on which ihe larvae of our butterflies feed. 



We have also to thank Major Malcolm Fawcett, of the 5th Lancers, 

 for the drawings here reproduced of the larvae and pupae of Lethe 

 isana, Kollar ; fig. 36 of the larva of Lethe vaivarta, Doherty ; of the 

 larva and pupa of Patala yama, Moore ; of the pupa of Sephisa 



dichroa, Kollar ; figs. 9a, larva, and 9/, pupa of Pseudergolis wedah, 

 Kollar ; the pupa of Dodona eugenes. Bates ; the larva of Papilio 



protenor, Cramer ; the larva and pupa of Papilio polyctor, Boisduval ; 



the pupa of Papilio sarpedon, Linnaeus ; the larva of Papilio cloanthus, 



Westwood ; the larva of Notocrypia feisthamelil, Boisduval ; and the 



larva and pupa of Rhopalocampta benjaminii, Guerin. 



Mr. Mackinnon has drawn the pupa of Euthalia patala, Kollar; and 



fig. 24c the pupa of Papilio polyctor^ Boisduval. 



All the other drawings have been executed in Calcutta by native 



artists under Mr. de Niceville's direction from larval specimens sent by 



post in either glycerine or spirits of wine ; the pupae were sent alive. 



Many of the drawings of larvae are not very satisfactory, as the colours 



had faded on arrival, and many of the bodies also had shrunk. 



