KUTORGINID^. 579 



Superfamily KUTORGINACEA Walcott and Schuchert. 



FamUy KUTORGINID^ Walcott and Scliucliert. 



Genus KTJTOBGINA Billings.o 



Kutorgina Billings, 1861, Geol. Survey Canada, Paleozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 9, footnote. (Characterized and dis- 

 cussed as a possible new genus; see below for copy.) 



Kutorgina Billings, 1861, Report on the Geology of Vermont, vol. 2, p. 948, footnote. (Copied from preceding refer- 

 ence.) 



Kutorgina Billings, 1862, Report on the Economic Geology of Vermont, by Hager, p. 220, footnote. (Copied from 

 preceding reference.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Davidson, 1868, Geol. Mag., vol. 5, p. 312. (Merely questions genus.) 



Obolella (Kutorgina) (Billings), Ball, 1870, Am. Jour. Conchology, 2d ser., vol. 6, pt. 2, pp. 154 and 163. (Described.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Davidson, 1871, British Fossil Brachiopoda, vol. 3, pt. 7, No. 4, p. 342. (Copy of Davidson, 

 1868, p. 312.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Dall, 1877, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 8, pp. 40^1. (Discussed.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Zittel, 1880, Handbuch der Palseontologie, Bd. 1, Abth. 1, p. 664. (Described in German.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Walcott (in part), 1886, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 30, pp. 101-102. (Original characteri- 

 zation, Billings, lS61b, p. 7, copied, and genus described and discussed. The generic description is based 

 on specimens now referred to Micromitra, Mieromitra (Paterina), Micromitra (Iphidella), and Billingsella, as well 

 as upon those representing Kutorgina.) 



? Kutorgina TiiWmgs, Oehlert, 1887, Manuel de conchyliologie, by Fischer, p. 1262. (Described in French, with 

 figures of " Kutorgina dngulata Lirmarsson.") 



Kutorgina Billings, Beechbr, 1891, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 41, footnote, pp. 345-346. (Generic relations dis- 

 cussed.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Hall and Clarke, 1892, Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Geologist New York for 1891, pp. 247-248. 

 (Described and discussed.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Hall and Clarke, 1892, Forty-fifth Ann. Rept. New York State Museum for 1891, pp. 563-564. 

 (Copy of preceding reference.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Hall and Clarke (in part), 1892, Nat. Hist. New York, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 1, pp. 90-94. 

 (Copies Walcott, 1886b, pp. 101-102, on pp. 91-92, and describes and discusses genus, including species now 

 referred to Micromitra, Micromitra {Iphidella), Mieromitra {Paterina), Protorthis, and Billingsella, as well as 

 those referred to Kutorgina.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Hall and Clarke, 1892, idem, p. 183. (Discusses generic relations; see the seventh reference in 

 the synonymy of Botsfordia pulchra, p. 607.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Walcott, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, pp. 306-308. (Original characterization, Billings, 

 1861b, p. 7, copied and genus described and discussed essentially as below.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Grabau and Shimer, 1907, North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, p. 209. (Described.) 



Kutorgina Billings, Walcott, 1908, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 53, No. 4, PI. XI, and pp. 142 and 145. (Classifi- 

 cation of genus.) 



Billings [1861b, p. 9] proposed the genus Kutorgina in a footnote accompanying the 

 description of the type species K. dngulata. He says : 



Since the above was written I have examined malny casts of the interior of this species, and am inclined to the 

 opinion that it is generically distinct from Obolella chromatica. From the very considerable elevation of the beak 

 the dorsal valve must have an area and probably a foramen. In one specimen there are two large oval impressions 

 faintly impressed, but still distinctly visible. There is no trace of the lateral scars, and the form, notwithstanding 

 the characters of the surface, conveys the idea of an Orthisina. Should, upon further examination, my suspicions 

 turn out to be well founded, I shall call the genus Kutorgina, after the celebrated European naturalist, Kutorga. 



From present information of the genus the following diagnosis is prepared: 

 Shells inequivalve, transverse or elongated. Ventral valve convex, with apex marginal or 

 incurved over the pseudo-area; cardinal area rudimentary, without any delthyrium or well-defined 

 pseudodeltidium; the latter usually extends one-half the distance from the apex to the plane 

 of the posterior margin of the valve; interior of ventral valve with well-defined main vas- 

 cular sinuses, with a visceral area between the sinuses. Dorsal valve flat or shghtly convex, 

 rising to a small, elevated umbo; apex marginal and usually pointing upward; cardinal area 



a The synonymy for this genus does not give a complete record of the various genera under which the species now included in Kutorgina were 

 formerly placed; it gives only those references in which the genus is discussed or described. To complete the record the following mere generic 

 references are listed: 



Lingula Bornemann [1891, p. 439]. 

 Kutorgina Bornemann [ 1891, p. 440]. 

 Orf/iis ? Tate [1892, p. 185). 

 Kutorgina Freeh [1897, PI. I A, figs. 6a-b]. 



Kutorgina von Toll [1899, p. 26]. 

 Kutorgina Matthew [1899a, p. 189; 1899d, p. 

 Kutorgina Walcott [1901, p. 695]. 



