COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 283 



basal joint ochreous, the other two black ; eyes prominent, black ; labrum 

 black. Clypeus large, triangular, not very distinct. Segment 2 the same 

 breadth or somewhat broader than head but not so high, with a row of 

 eight simple, short, triangular, black teeth or tubercles from spiracle to 

 spiracle, and a simple, cylindrical, short, spine underneath spiracle ; on seg- 

 ments 3 and 4 this simple spine is present in the same position and, besides,, 

 a subdorsal and lateral black spine, pointed and set with fine hair-like- 

 spinules directed out and upwards, also black. Segments 13 and 14, the 

 former segment being short, have each a dorsolateral similar watery- 

 ochraceous spine, situated near the hinder margins. Segments 5-12 have 

 each a dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular and subspiracular similar spine, 

 all more or less ochraceous and set with black spinules, all except the 

 subspiracular spines on segments 8-9 being surrounded at the base with 

 orange somewhat broadly. Spiracles shiny black, oval, of usual size. Sur- 

 face of body set all over with very minute, white, depressed tubercles, each 

 bearing a fine, white short hair ; spiracular region rather more thickly white 

 haired. Colour of larva black, speckled yellow all over — or yellow speckled 

 j all over black with a broad yellow subspiracular band from segment 5 to' 

 segment 12 interrupted broadly by the tubercles ; belly dark ; legs black. 

 The subspiracular spines are somewhat shorter than others, those on seg- 

 ments 3 and 4 being, perhaps, just a little stronger than any. L : 35 mm, 

 stretched ; B : 6 mm. without spines, 9 mm. with them. 



Pupa. — The pupa is of the usual Vanessa type, i.e., when seen from above 

 the lateral outline is as follows : head parallel-sided, the front concave with 

 the head-points short, broad and blunt ; breadth of pupa increasing some- 

 what suddenly to a sharp tooth at shoulder ; then concave to another simi- 

 lar tooth in a line with apex of thorax, where the breadth of pupa is very 

 much the same ; then concave again, but very shallowly, to segment 7-8, 

 where the wings are slightly bulged and the pupa is not so broad ; then 

 decreasing in a straight line to the strong, truncated-triangular cremas- 

 ter with slight dorsal and strong ventral extensor-ridges, the clasper-scar 

 being a double circle inside the latter. The dorsal outline seen from the 

 side is : head and vertex, segment 2, both short, the front slope of thorax 

 at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis ; the thorax is carinated in 

 dorsal line strongly, ending in a small triangular pyramid just before hinder 

 margin to which the fall is nearly perpendicular, segment 4 being inclined 

 at 45° towards segment 5 which is parallel to longitudinal axis and forms 

 the bottom of the considerable dorsal constriction : the dorsal line again 

 rises in segment 6, very slightly in 7, whence it is strongly curved down to 

 end. Ventral line slightly bulged out towards centre though fairly 

 straight from head to segment 11, after which, bent down. Surface of pupa 

 smooth in the main, with an irregular net-work of thin, slightly impressed 

 lines all over, the antennae ringed, the proboscis slightly longer than wings- - r 



