288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XX, 



Pupa. — It is a thick, stout pupa, as broad at the shoulders as at segment 

 7-8, where it is nearly quite circular in transverse section ; the thorax at 

 its highest point is as high as the abdomen at segment 7-8 ; constriction 

 behind thorax is dorsally pronounced but wide and gradual laterally. 

 Head is thick, square and short, not visibly separated from segment 2, and 

 has a small, rounded, flat-edged projection on each eye pointing forwards. 

 Segments 2 and 3 and head are all in one piece so to speak. Thorax is. 

 high, carinated in dorsal line somewhat on front slope, the shoulder produced 

 into two stout short points. Wings somewhat expanded laterally from 

 shoulders to constriction. Transverse section of abdomen circular, the last 

 five segments contracted a good deal, especially ventrally, so that the last 

 segment and cremaster are nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of 

 the pupa. Cremaster large, stout, triangular, flattened above and below with 

 the suspensory hairs or hooklets at the very extremity. Spiracles blackish, 

 shiny, oval, convex. Surface of body is rough ; there is a conical lateral 

 tubercle on thorax, a dorsal row of 6 sharply conical tubercles on segments 

 6-11, one to each segment ; a subdorsal row of similar rather larger ones on 

 segments 7-11, one to each ; these subdorsal tubercles existing also on the 

 other segments but being there smaller than the dorsal ones ; a lateral row 

 of 6 similar ones on segments 6-11, of which only those on segments 7 and 8 

 are of the size of dorsal ones, the others being mere dots ; anal segment has 

 two small thick tubercles, one on each side of base of cremaster. Colour of 

 pupa is dark brown-grey splotched with grey on wings and segments 4-5' 

 principally. L : 20 mm. ; B : 8 mm. ; L of longest tubercle : 1 mm. 



Habits. — The eggs are laid singly or in groups of six or seven 

 on the undersides of very young leaves just above the ground;, 

 the larva is generally found, when full grown or moderately large,, 

 crawling about on the ground, but rests, if possible, half on the stem 

 of its plant, half under a leaf. The butterfly is one of the com- 

 monest in the better wooded parts of India, the female especially 

 being one of those most often met with in gardens, plantations and 

 woods where there is a plentiful ground-flora of urticaceous plants 

 which constitute the food of the larvge. These butterflies may be 

 seen at all times of the year, but more especially in the damp months, 

 flying about near the ground upon which they constantly settle, i. 

 often walking from one small plant to another ; at times they fly ! 

 into the verandahs of houses and settle on the ceilings and walls 

 with their wings folded over their backs and remain stationary for 

 hours together ; in the jungles they are constantly found resting 

 similarly on the undersides of branches, leaves, &c. The males are 

 fond of the sun and sit upon leaves and sticks with the wings 



