COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 317 



similar arrangement of spines, all branched at extremity ; segments 5 — 10 

 similar; segment 11 has a dorsal, subdorsal and subspiracular one as well as 

 another underneath this last; segment 12 is similar to segment 11 except 

 that the last spine underneath the subspiracular is wanting ; segment 13 is 

 very narrow, a mere strip, and is quite bare ; segment 14 has a lateral spine 

 on hinder margin ; there is a small spine on base of prolegs 7 — 10 and one in 

 a similar position on segments 5 and 6 ; the lateral spines are really nearly 

 supraspiracular. The surface of the body is covered with transverse rows of 

 minute setiferous tubercles besides the spines. The spinelets at extremity 

 of shafts are nearly as long as the shafts themselves. The spiracles are 

 small, oval, flush, black, those of segment 12 conspicuously larger. The 

 colour of the larva is dull black with a short, diagonal, subspiracular, white 

 band near the hinder margin of each segment and a broad dorsal band 

 composed of short lines at right angles to the longitudinal axis of larva on 

 segments 6 — 11, besides a transverse row of fine dots just before the hinder 

 margin of each segment, all white ; belly red-black ; legs shiny black. L : 22 

 mm. ; B: 9*4 mm. with spines ; L of spines : 2 mm. with spinelets : L of head — 

 horns : 5 mm. 



Pupa (PI. I, fig. 11a). — The pupa is slender with the wing-cases some- 

 what dilated, a dorsal protuberance and two small head-points ; colour 

 variable, generally green. Head trapeze-shaped seen from above, with two 

 divergent, laterally compressed points, one from each eye, directed forwards, 

 ridged on top (dorsally), separated by a sinus in front of head which reaches 

 the front margin of segment 2 ; these points are well developed and conical. 

 Segment 2 has the front margin curved in a semicircle and a waved hinder 

 margin, is flat dorsally and fairly broad between the margins. Thorax is 

 carinated in dorsal line on the anterior half which is inclined at an angle 

 of 45° to the longitudinal axis ; it runs up into a point and is flat on the 

 dorsal decline from this point to hinder margin, this decline being in 

 a plane nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of pupa : so that 

 the point (apex of thorax) is a triangular pyramid of which the lateral 

 slopes are also nearly flat. The pupa is a good deal broader at 

 shoulders than at segment 2 with a short, low ridge on each shoulder ; 

 the wings are expanded from just behind shoulder, first in a little semi- 

 circle, the lateral outline of pupa then running concavely to lose itself in 

 dorsum of segment 5, to widen out again in a curve at segment 6 which 

 , finally runs into the general level of body ventrally about segments 7 and 8 ; 

 the constriction between segments 4 and 5 is considerable dorsally because 

 of the high thorax-apex and a dorsal tubercular rising on segment 6. The 

 body is as broad at segment 7, owing to the wing-expansion at shoulders, 

 as at shoulders, perhaps a little broader ; section of abdomen from segment 

 8 to anal end is circular ; the cremaster is short, strong, square, with two 

 large extensor ridges and with densely disposed suspensory hair-hooklets at 



