COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 325 



hindwing much more concolorous in the female. Antennse, head, thorax 

 and abdomen dark-brown ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish- 

 brown. Exp. 46 — 58 mm. 



This is a variable insect in the extent and breadth of the orange-yellow 

 markings and in the mottling and ground-colour of the underside. The 

 variety sanguinalis, chiefly Himalayan and Eastern, has the orange-yellow 

 markings very broad. Variety rama, the variety occurring in South India 

 and Ceylon, is smaller with the markings much narrower and shorter, the 

 preapical spots white or yellowish-white. 



Larva. — In general facies the larva recalls that of Catopsilia of the Pieridce, 

 It is dark-green in colour, cylindrical in shape, narrowing somewhat to both 

 ends ; the head is small, about half as broad as the larva at centre : and is 

 about the same breadth as segment 2. The head is round in shape, with a 

 shallow broad depression on vertex ; the surface is smooth and dull, sparse- 

 ly set with minute dark bristles and some light hairs about jaws ; it is 

 green in colour, with brown markings seen under the lens, the antennae red- 

 dish, labrum green, eyes black. Segment 2 is broader behind than in front 

 and has the front margin very slightly triangularly produced in dorsal line;, 

 the anal flap is rounded behind, with the curve of its dorsal line nearly a 

 quarter-circle, the extremity nearly touching the resting surface ; and there 

 is a depressed dorsal surface, oval in shape, two-thirds the width of seg- 

 ment, reaching from hinder extremity towards front margin : this surface 

 is hairless and covered with brown streaks. The rest of the larva is covered 

 with transverse rows of minute, black bristles, four to each segment ; there 

 are also some bristles on ventrum ; the rows are separated by depressed 

 lines, one between each. The prolegs are rather long. The spiracles are 

 light yellow, black-rimmed, oval, flush with the surface and of ordinary size. 

 The colour is dark-green, sometimes with a brownish tinge, with a thin, 

 light yellow, dorsal line from segment 4 to segment 12 and a narrow, yel- 

 low, supraspiracular band from head to anal end. L : 26 mm.; B : 4*5 mm. 

 at middle ; B at head : 2*25 mm. 



Pupa. — This is most like that of Ergolis but has no head-points. It has 

 the part formed by the head and segment 2 straight in front (front of pupa), 

 parallel-sided, convex on dorsum transversely to pupa ; the shoulders are the 

 broadest part, widening out suddenly at an angle of 135° with the side of 

 head-piece ; the dorsal outline seen from the side is, for the thorax, 

 a carination starting from front margin in a straight line at an angle 

 of 45° to longitudinal axis of pupa, culminating in a rounded apex 

 just over the hinder margin to which the outline descends abruptly ; 

 thence the line ascends again to the apex of a small, sharp peak at 

 the common margin of segments 5 and 6, to descend again in a slight 

 carination to the hinder margin of segment S after which the outline 

 curves in a quarter-circle to end of cremaster ; the ventral outline is 



