1126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX. 



with a few roughnesses on the dorsum ; tamilana-buddha is nearly 

 quite smooth ; those of nomius-eurypylus have the apex of the 

 thorax produced forwards into a blunt process. Demolion has the 

 apex of the thorax produced into a curiously twisted, thin process 

 though otherwise like polytes ; its suspending loop is, however, very 

 much longer than in this latter. All the pupae wriggle when 

 touched and produce a hissing sound ; this is very noticeable in 

 that oiminos. 



The food-plants of the caterpillars also characterise the. groups. 

 Minos, hector, aristoloehice pandiyanus feed upon Aristoloclnacece ; 

 clytia, however, affects Laurinece ; so does sarpedon ; nomius, anti- 

 phcdes, agamemnon, eurypi/lus eat Anonacece ; all the rest eat 

 Rutacece (once demoleus was discovered feeding upon Chloroxijlon 

 stvietenia, one of the Meliacece, to which family the Neem belongs). 

 The four families consist of plants with strongly aromatic juices ; 

 but is this the only reason why the Swallowtails chose them in 

 the past ? There are probably more intimate relations between 

 the families than the botanists allow or recognise. Chloroxylon is 

 also aromatic ; so is the Wild Carrot at home which feeds the 

 larva of P. machaon. Carrot belongs to Umbelliferce, a family quite 

 unlike any of the above. There are, however, exceptions to every 

 rule. The Papiliones are probably of tropical origin and when a 

 species had to become acclimatised to more northern climes by 

 being forced to live there, it would naturally choose food with 

 some of the characteristics it had always been accustomed to ; 

 laurels, rues, custard-apples, Aristolochia are all uncommon in cold 

 countries and so machaon was forced to depend iipon carrot which 

 was as good as anything else it could find. It would be interest- 

 ing to know what all the species of the Papilionidoe of the world 



feed upon. 



77. Papilio minos, Cramer. — Male upperside : forewing rich velvety black, 

 pale yellowish streaks on either sides of the nerves beyond the cell ; cilia 

 short, black, alternated with pale, buffy white in the middle of the inter- 

 spaces. Hindwing with the abdominal fold, the whole of interspace 1 

 (narrow yellowish streak of underside showing slightly in some specimens), 

 the termen broadly, the extreme base of cell, the costal area, not extend- 

 ing below vein 8 except where it meets the terminal border, black ; the 

 rest of the wing rich silky yellow ; the veins narrowly but prominently 



