COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1127 



black ; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards 

 into cone-shaped markings in the interspaces. Abdominal fold inside 

 filled with a dense mass of buffy- white, scented, cottony fluff. Underside 

 similar, on forewing with the pale streaks along nerves much broader ; on 

 hindwing, in interspace 1, the black is limited more or less to centre of* 

 interspace, bordered anteriorly by a yellow streak along median vein and 

 vein 2 (sometimes very narrow at the ends or obsolescent), posteriorly by 

 the buff-coloured outer face of fold ; the lateral margins of cone-shaped 

 projections of terminal border of interspaces 2, 3 and sometimes 4 lateral- 

 ly bordered, in some specimens, with yellowish extending into the black 

 border. Antennas, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson ; 

 abdomen yellow with a lateral and lateroventral row of black spots. — 

 Female upperside and underside similar to those in the male but with the 

 following differences : — Forewing : the pale nerve streaks broader and 

 more prominent, white. Hindwing : upperside with the black in interspace 

 1 sometimes strongly suffused with whitish, the streak along median vein 

 and vein 2 white as also the border to cone-shaped marking in the latter 

 interspace, this interspace suffused white to near base ; a large postdiscal 

 black cone-shaped spot in each interspace 2-6, the black terminal margin 

 filling apical half of interspace 7 but interrupted at extreme apex by 

 yellow, sometimes obsoletely ; the cilia rather largely grey in the inter- 

 spaces. Underside like upperside, the black on underside of forewing and 

 in interspace 1 of hindwing much browner. Antennae, head and thorax 

 as in the male ; abdomen also similar but dark brownish black above. 

 Expanse : 150-190mm. 



In both male and female the hindwing on the upperside is clothed with 

 soft, long, brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal area. The 

 male is always smaller than the female. 



Larva. — Head black, round from front view, moderately thick through 

 slightly covered by segment 2. Segment 2 is flat on top with a semi- 

 circular, shiny space on the dorsum ; front margin straight ; immediately in 

 front and immediately behind this shiny space is a sub-dorsal red spot ; on 

 the front margin is a lateral, long, and a marginal, shorter, fleshy tubercle. 

 The shape of the larva is sub-cylindrical, squarish looking, the belly being 

 more or less flat, the anal segment being about the same breadth as segment 

 2, and sloping much — nearly perpendicularly. Each of segments 3 to 9 are 

 of the same size. Each of segments 3 to 14 has a sub-dorsal, fleshy longly 

 conical tubercle, those of segments 9 and 10 being longest : these tubercles 

 are perpendicular to the surface of the body and slightly curved forward ; 

 from the 9th and 10th segments these tubercles gradually decrease in 

 length to segments 3 and 13 ; those on segment 14 are much smaller than 

 those on the preceding segments and are mere knobs. Segments 2, 3, 4, 



