COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1131 



flap nearly perpendicular to longitudinal axis of larva. The body stoutest 

 at the segments 4 and 5. Head black, round, somewhat]hidden under seg- 

 ment 2, shiny. Segment 2 is straight in front and on the dorsum is a 

 dull black shield, in front of which, on the front margin, are four bright 

 red, short, fleshy tubercles, two on each side of dorsal line and under 

 each other; on the back margin are two more of the same sort, one on each 

 side of the central line. Segments 3 to 13 has each a sub-dorsal, longish, 

 conical, fleshy tubercle the same segments have also a marginal row of 

 similar tubercles. Segments 2 to 5 have each besides a row of lateral 

 similar tubercles, the tubercle on segment 5 being reduced to a spot. The 

 tubercles of the subdorsal row are longest, the lateral tubercle on the 2nd 

 segment however is longer than any and points forward, all the others 

 being at right angles to body-surface. On the front margin of segments 8 

 to 12 are two subdorsal, flesh coloured spots, and on the 7th segment are 

 two on the posterior margin, but larger, of the same colour. At the anterior 

 base of each subdorsal tubercle on segments 6 to 14 is a spot of the same 

 colour. On segments 8 to 11 is a lateral small spot on anterior margin, and 

 2 lateral on segment 7 on the posterior margin : these spots are flesh-colour- 

 ed also. All the tubercles are bright red. Spiracles oval, shiny black. 

 The two long tubercles on segment 2 are black-tipped. Colour of body is 

 rich black-brown ; the osmeterium is orange. L. 45 mm. ; B : 10 mm. 



Pupa. — The general shape is that of the tailed Pa^nlios. Head flat in 

 front, produced out into two sharp-edged, semi-circular, rounded, ear-like, 

 lateral projections connected by a ridge. Segment 2 surrounded in 

 front by a sharp, turned-up ridge ; with a dip towards the centre of 

 the segment, and then an ascent towards thorax. Thorax carinated 

 on dorsal line, this carination splitting near centre of thorax into two 

 sharp, rounded ridges, diverging at first, but shortly running parallel 

 to the hind margin of segment. The thorax is convex, smooth, eared 

 flatly and largely on the shoulder, the surface of ear facing outwards, and 

 the ear itself directed outwards and slightly up. Segments 4 to 7 are 

 flat on top and trapezoidal, narrower in front than behind, sloping 

 perpendicularly on sides, then sloping out and down to edges of wings ; 

 segments 8/11 have each two large ear-like projections, one on each side of 

 dorsal line laterally, thin and rounded, facing out and inclined outwards ; 

 the 8th segment has also a spiracular one at edge of wing. Abdomen much 

 curved down, the dorsal line of segments 4/7 being at an angle of about 

 120° to the hinder slope of thorax, a somewhat greater angle than in 

 P. minos ; the wings are produced in the central ventral line, but not 

 much. Surface smooth, hardly shiny. Spiracles of segment 2 situated in 

 a round, circular depression ; the rest raised, oval, dark-brown in colour. 

 Cremaster short, strong, square at end. Colour of pupa light brown, mark- 

 ed on dorsum with white ; it looks like brown alabaster ; a whited orsal 



